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Large Animal Medicine > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsally Displaced Soft Palate (DDSP): Type of Stridor

A

without distress

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2
Q

When is DDSP seen?

A

during exercise

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3
Q

DDSP: Signs

A

exercise intolerance, noise, expiratory component, cheek puffing

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4
Q

DDSP: Dx

A

signs, endoscopy

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5
Q

DDSP: Tx

A

treat concurrent dz, tongue tie, Cornell collar, sx - tie forward

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6
Q

Epiglotic Entrapment: Pathophysiology

A

aryepiglottic and subepiglottic tissue envelop epiglottis

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7
Q

Epiglotic Entrapment: Signs

A

exercise intolerance, inspiratory and expiratory noise, chronic cough

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8
Q

Epiglotic Entrapment: Dx

A

signs, endoscopy

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9
Q

Epiglotic Entrapment: Tx

A

Stall rest, sx - laser scalpel correction

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10
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplegia: Pathophysiology

A

paralysis +/ paresis of arytenoids from nerve irritation/inflammation

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11
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplegia: Signs

A

exercise intolerance, inspiratory noise (roar)

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12
Q

When is Laryngeal Hemiplegia seen?

A

during exercise

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13
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplegia: Dx

A

signs, endoscopy, electrolaryngeography

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14
Q

How is Laryngeal Hemiplegia graded?

A

range of motion of arytenoids

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15
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplegia: Grades

A 
I/II - full abduction at rest and most of extercise
IIIA - abduction in exercise
IIIB - incomplete abduction
IIIC - severe collapse at exercise
IV - paralysis evident at rest
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16
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplegia: Tx

A

tie-back, ventriculectomy (reduces noise)

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17
Q

Stridor w/ Respiratory Distress: Etiologies

A

upper airway obstruction, tracheal collapse, pulmonary dz

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18
Q

Upper Airway Obstruction: Examples

A

strangles, bilateral laryngeal hemiplegia, lymphosarcoma, gutteral pouch tympany

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19
Q

Pulmonary Dz: Adult Examples

A

RAO, Acute viral pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, diaphragmatic hernia, pneumothorax

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20
Q

Pulmonary Dz: Young Examples

A

Rhodococcus equi, interstitial pneumonia, acute viral respiratory dz

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21
Q

Acute Cough: Etiologies

A

equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, equine viral arteritis, trauma

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22
Q

Equine Influenza: Signalment/Environment

A

young, poor ventilation, crowded

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23
Q

Equine Influenza: Signs

A

pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, dry harsh non-productive cough

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24
Q

Equine Influenza: Sequelae/complications

A

purpura hemorrhagica (immune mediated vasculitis)

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25
Q

Equine Influenza: Tx

A

NSAIDs, rest (1wk/day of fever), ventilation

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26
Q

Equine Herpes Virus: Important Serotypes

A

EHV-1, EHV-2

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27
Q

EHV-1: Signs

A

cyclic fever spikes, depression, anorexia, abortion

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28
Q

EHV-1: Tx

A

NSAIDs, rest

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29
Q

EHV-2: Signs

A

respiratory dz in young horses

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30
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis: Pathogenesis

A

replication in bronchial macrophages

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31
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis: Signs

A

fever, anorexia, depression, abortion (any stage)

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32
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis: Dx

A

CBC - lymphopenia

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33
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis: Tx

A

supportive, NSAIDs

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34
Q

Chronic Cough: Etiologies

A

Upper Airway - Arytenoid Chondritis, trauma, foreign bodies

Lower Airway - Inflammatory airway Dz, Recurrent Airway Obstruction, parasites

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35
Q

Arytenoid Chondritis: Signalment

A

young thoroughbreds

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36
Q

Arytenoid Chondritis: Pathophysilogy

A

progressive cartilage enlargement => space occupying mass, dec. abduction

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37
Q

Inflammatory Airway Dz: Signalment

A

young racers

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38
Q

IAD: Etiology

A

irritants in the air

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39
Q

IAD: Pathophysiology

A

airway inflammation + hyper-reactivity

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40
Q

IAD: Signs

A

dec. performance, elicitable cough

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41
Q

IAD: Dx

A

endoscopy (mucopurulent exudate), BAL (for typng)

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42
Q

IAD: Types

A

Type 1 - mild neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphocytosis
Type 2 - inc. mast cells
Type 3 - eosinophilic inflammation

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43
Q

IAD: Tx

A

dec. irritants, bronchodilators
Type 1 - interferon alpha
Type 2 - Mast cell stabilizers
Type 3 - Corticosteroids

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44
Q

Recurrent Airway Obstruction: Pathogenesis

A

allergies, small airway obstruction (bronchoconstriction, excessive inflammatory exudate)

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45
Q

RAO: Signs

A

middle aged, flared nostrils, cough, nasal discharge, exercise intolerance, diffuse expiratory noise, heave line

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46
Q

RAO: Dx

A

signs, BAL (neutrophilic inflammation), TTW (culture), endoscopy (yellow exudate)

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47
Q

RAO: Tx

A

keep outside, soak hay (15-20 min), corticosteroids, bronchodilator (terbutaline), inhalants (beclomethasone)

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48
Q

RAO: Complication

A

secondary bact - Strep. zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus

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49
Q

Respiratory Parasites: Examples

A

Lung worm, Parascaris equorum

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50
Q

Lung worm: Risk Factor

A

housed with donkeys

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51
Q

Lung worm: Dx

A

TTW, baerman

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52
Q

Lung worm: Tx

A

-bendazole

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53
Q

Parascaris equorum: Signalment

A

less than 10 mo

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54
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia: Etiology

A

infectious, toxic, hypersensitivity

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55
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia: Signs

A

fever, cough, nasal discharge, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, cyanosis, heave line, nostril flare

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56
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia: Dx

A

Rads (extensive interstial + bronchointerstitial pattern), histo

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57
Q

Guteral Pouch Empyema: Etiology

A

Strep. zooepidemicu/equi

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58
Q

Guteral Pouch Empyema: Signs

A

intermittent nasal discharge, lymphadenitis, dysphagia

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59
Q

Guteral Pouch Empyema: Dx

A

rads, endoscopy

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60
Q

Guteral Pouch Empyema: Tx

A

flush pouch (under sedation), antibiotics, sx

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61
Q

Strangles: Signalment

A

young/immunodeficient horses

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62
Q

Strangles: Signs

A

fever, depression, nasal discharge (purulent), cough, swollen submandibular LN

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63
Q

Strangles: Tx

A

antibiotics, iso

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64
Q

Purpura Hemorrhagica: Pathogenesis

A

type 3 allergic response to URT infection => leaky blood vessels

65
Q

Purpura Hemorrhagica: Dx

66
Q

Purpura Hemorrhagica: Tx

A

remove stimulus, NSAIDs

67
Q

Pleuropneumonia: Risk Factors

A

stress (trnasport), prior viral dz, poor ventilation, anesthesia

68
Q

Pleuropneumonia: Signs

A

Acute - fever, anorexia, cough, poss. toxemia
Chronic - Dyspnea, plaque of sternal edema, respiratory distress
foul odor

69
Q

Pleuropneumonia: Dx

A

U/S (anechoic space between lung and thoracic wall), thoracocentesis

70
Q

Pleuropneumonia: Tx

A

antibiotics, thoracic drainage, support

71
Q

Rhodococcus equi: Signalment

A

less than 6mo (opportunistic)

72
Q

Rhodococcus equi: Signs

A

acute onset, dyspnea, crackles, wheezes, cough, fever, poss. GI

73
Q

Rhodococcus equi: Dx

A

CBC (inflammatory), DI (broncho-pneumonia + interstitial pattern), TTW (cytology)

74
Q

Rhodococcus equi: Tx

A

antibiotics (erythromycin, rifampin), intermittent therapy

75
Q

Cardio: Exam

A

presence of jugular distension, jugular pulse (abnormal if > half way up)

76
Q

Cario Heart Sound Locations

A

Mitral - left 5th ICS halfway between elbow and shoulder
Aortic - left 4th ICS point of shoulder
Pulmonic - left 3rd ICS cranioventral to aortic
Tricuspid - right 3rd ICS halfway between elbow and shoulder

77
Q

Cardio: Rate

78
Q

Dysrhythmias: Mechanisms

A

abnormal impulse, abnormal conduction

79
Q

Dysrhythmias: Abnormal Impulse - Etiologies

A

change in electrolytes, drug/toxin, ectopic foci

80
Q

ECG: Lead Placement

A

Black - left elbow
White - right jugular furrow 1/3 up
Red - away from heart

81
Q

AV Block: Degrees

A

1st - seen in normal horse
2nd - Mobitz II pathologic
3rd - complete AV dissociation, pathologic

82
Q

AV Block: Appearance

A

P wave w/o QRS complex
Mobitz I - inc. SR interval
Mobitz II - fixed SR interval
3rd - rapid regular P wave, wide bizarre complex

83
Q

AV Block: Tx

84
Q

Why are horses predisposed to Atrial Fib?

A

large artial mass

85
Q

Atrial Fib: Signs

A

exercise intolerance, tachypnea, EIPH

86
Q

Atrial Fib: Dx

A

ECG (baseline of “F” (P) waves, auscultation, echo

87
Q

Atrial Fib: Tx

A

HR less than 60 - quinidine
HR>60 - digoxin to slow rate, quinidine
treat underlying dz

88
Q

Atrial Fib: Quinidine - MoA

A

blocks fast inward Na current, can displace digoxin

89
Q

Atrial Fib: Quinidine - Plan

A

5gm test dose, 10gm q 2hr, stop when sign of toxicity (~4-6 doses)

90
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia: Etiologies

A

myocarditis, endocarditis, electrolyte/metabolic disturbance

91
Q

V Tach: Signs

A

exercise intolernace, sustained VT, jugular pulse

92
Q

V Tach: Dx

A

chem (electrolytes), ECG (wide, bizarre QRS)

93
Q

V Tach: Tx

A

4-8 wk rest, treat underlying cause

94
Q

Vegetative Endocarditis: Signalment

A

less than 4yrs, often males

95
Q

Vegetative Endocarditis: Pathogenesis

A

structural damamge to enothelium => fibrinous clot

96
Q

Vegetative Endocarditis: Etiologies

A

regurgitant jets, narrow orifices, high BP, sepsis

97
Q

Vegetative Endocarditis: Signs

A

fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, murmur (if systolic = AV valve, if diastolic = semilunar valve)

98
Q

Vegetative Endocarditis: Dx

A

CBC/chem (hyperproteinemia, leukocytosis, non-regen anemia), culture, echo

99
Q

Vegetative Endocarditis: Tx

A

antibiotics (4-6wks), anti-inflammatories (flunixin, aspirin)

100
Q

How do you assess RBC regeneration in a horse?

A

bone marrow aspirate (M:E less than 0.5)

101
Q

Anemia: Decreased RBC Production - Etiologies

A

iron deficiency, secondary to organ dysfunction, erythropoietin abnormalities

102
Q

Iron Deficiency: Types

A

true deficiency, functional deficiency

103
Q

Functional Iron Deficiency: Lab

A

inc. TIBC

dec. serum ferritin, % sat transferrin, serum iron, marrow iron stores

104
Q

What is the danger of giving horses human recombinant erythropoetin?

A

cross rxn w/ own erythropoetin => life threatening anemia

105
Q

Anemia: Increased RBC Destruction - Etiology

A

oxidative damage, infection, toxin, immune mediated

106
Q

Piroplasmosis: Etiology

A

intraerythrocytic Babesia/Theleria

107
Q

T/F: All Theleria stages are intraerythrocytic.

A

False

Thleria has an exoerythrocytic

108
Q

Piroplasmosis: Signs

A

intravascular hemolysis, fever, icterus, hemoglobinuria

109
Q

Piroplasmosis: Dx

A

signs, smear, serology

110
Q

Prioplasmosis: Tx

A

imidocarb (need special FDA approval), buparvaquone

111
Q

Equine Infectious Anemia: Etiology

A

Lentivirus (reportable dz)

112
Q

EIA: Signs

A

Acute (first exposure) - thrombocytopenia, fever depression, petechia
Subacute/Chronic (>30 d) - recurrent fever, depression, anemia, icterus; petechia, edema, wt. loss

113
Q

EIA: Dx

A

Coggins test, ELISA

114
Q

EIA: Tx

A

supportive

115
Q

Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: Signs

A

extravascular hemolysis, 10-20% PCV

116
Q

IMHA: Tx

A

treat primary dz, corticosteroids (immunosuppression), supportive

117
Q

Equine Granulocytic Erlichiosis: Etiology

118
Q

Equine Granulocytic Erlichiosis: Signs

A

ecchymosis, petechia, icterus, ventral edema, ataxia

119
Q

Equine Granulocytic Erlichiosis: Dx

A

CBC (anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia), serology

120
Q

Equine Granulocytic Erlichiosis: Tx

A

self recovery w/in 2wks

121
Q

Muscle: Enzymes

A

AST - not muscle specific, but slow peak and long half life

CK - mostly muscle specific, sensitive, reflects muscle dmg, fast peak, short half life

122
Q

Exercise Challenge Test: Goals

A

inc. CK (won’t in normal horse)

123
Q

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis: Signalment

A

quarter horse

124
Q

HyperK Periodic Paralysis: Signs

A

highly variable, 3rd eyelid prolapse, normal CK, sweating, muscle fasiculations

125
Q

HyperK Periodic Paralysis: Etiology

A

autosomal dominat trait => abnormal Na channels -> reduced resting potential => hyperkalemia

126
Q

HyperK Periodic Paralysis: Dx

A

gene test, signs + hyperK during episode

127
Q

HyperK Periodic Paralysis: Management

A

low K diet, min. stress, regular exercise, acetazolamide

128
Q

Exertional Myopathy: Classifcation

A

Type I - “weekend rider”, fed as daily rider (high feed), exercised infrequently
Type II - electrolyte and perfusion disturbance (overexertion)

129
Q

Exertional Myopathy: Signs

A

Mild - shortly after exercise, poor performance, slight reluctance, firm painful hind end
Severe - during exercise, stiff gait, reluctance, muscle tremors, colicy, pigmenturia, Acute renal failure

130
Q

Exertional Myopathy: Dx

A

history, signs, inc. CK + AST

131
Q

Exertional Myopathy: Tx

A

limit muscle dmg (fluids, vasodilator), analgesia (But, phenylbutazone), balance fluids and electrolytes, renal protection

132
Q

Exertional Myopathy: Control

A

diet (low carb, high protein), exercise

133
Q

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy: Signalment

A

Quarter horse, belgains

134
Q

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy: Etiology

A

deficiency in skeletal muscle glycolysis

135
Q

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy: Dx

136
Q

Anesthesia Related Myopathy: Signalment/History

A 
large/muscled horses
prolonged anesthesia (>2hr), inappropriate padding
137
Q

Anesthesia Related Myopathy: Signs

A

prolonged recovery, dog-sitting, rear fetlock buckling

138
Q

Anesthesia Related Myopathy: Complication

A

renal dmg, permanent muscle dmg

139
Q

Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency: Signalment

A

quarter horse foals

140
Q

Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency: Etieology

A

autosomal recessive dz => accumulation of abnormal polysaccharides

141
Q

Clostridial Myonecrosis: History

142
Q

Clostridial Myonecrosis: Signs

A

fever, rapid progression, lame/stiff, muscle swelling, necrosis of overlying skin

143
Q

Clostridial Myonecrosis: Dx

A

signs, inc. CK + AST

144
Q

Clostridial Myonecrosis: Tx

A

sx fenestration of muscle, penicillin supportive

145
Q

Choke: Classification

A

Primary - no underlying esophageal dysfunction (dental, behavior)
Secondary - direct issue w/ esophagus

146
Q

Choke: Signs

A

profuse bilateral nasal discharge (food tinged), neck stretching, coughing

147
Q

Choke: Dx

A

nasogastric tube, endosopy

148
Q

Choke: Tx

A

sedation -> NG intubation and flush, treat underlying cause

149
Q

Colic PE: HR

A

non-strangulating - 60-80

strangulating - 80+

150
Q

What does fever indicate when assessing for colic?

A

underlying infection

151
Q

Colic PE: Grades of Pain (signs of colic)

A

grade 1 - playing in water, walking looking at flank
grade 2 - purposeful pawing, kicking abdomen, getting up and down
grade 3 - constant up and down, crouching, rolling

152
Q

What is Borborygmi?

A

normal GI sounds

153
Q

When is GI auscultation considered abnormal?

A

when there is total absence

154
Q

Colic NG Tube: Purpose

A

prevent gastric rupture

155
Q

Colic NG Tube: pH

A

7 or less - gastric

>7 - SI

156
Q

Colic Abdominocentesis: Order of increases

A

protein, RBC, WBC

157
Q

Colic: IDed Risk Factors

A

change in diet +/ exercise, previous history of colic

158
Q

Colic: Classifications

A

strangulating vs. non-strangulating, SI vs LC vs SC

Large Animal Medicine (6 decks)

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