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Large Animal Medicine > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsally Displaced Soft Palate (DDSP): Type of Stridor

A

without distress

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2
Q

When is DDSP seen?

A

during exercise

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3
Q

DDSP: Signs

A

exercise intolerance, noise, expiratory component, cheek puffing

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4
Q

DDSP: Dx

A

signs, endoscopy

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5
Q

DDSP: Tx

A

treat concurrent dz, tongue tie, Cornell collar, sx - tie forward

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6
Q

Epiglotic Entrapment: Pathophysiology

A

aryepiglottic and subepiglottic tissue envelop epiglottis

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7
Q

Epiglotic Entrapment: Signs

A

exercise intolerance, inspiratory and expiratory noise, chronic cough

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8
Q

Epiglotic Entrapment: Dx

A

signs, endoscopy

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9
Q

Epiglotic Entrapment: Tx

A

Stall rest, sx - laser scalpel correction

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10
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplegia: Pathophysiology

A

paralysis +/ paresis of arytenoids from nerve irritation/inflammation

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11
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplegia: Signs

A

exercise intolerance, inspiratory noise (roar)

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12
Q

When is Laryngeal Hemiplegia seen?

A

during exercise

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13
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplegia: Dx

A

signs, endoscopy, electrolaryngeography

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14
Q

How is Laryngeal Hemiplegia graded?

A

range of motion of arytenoids

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15
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplegia: Grades

A 
I/II - full abduction at rest and most of extercise
IIIA - abduction in exercise
IIIB - incomplete abduction
IIIC - severe collapse at exercise
IV - paralysis evident at rest
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16
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplegia: Tx

A

tie-back, ventriculectomy (reduces noise)

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17
Q

Stridor w/ Respiratory Distress: Etiologies

A

upper airway obstruction, tracheal collapse, pulmonary dz

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18
Q

Upper Airway Obstruction: Examples

A

strangles, bilateral laryngeal hemiplegia, lymphosarcoma, gutteral pouch tympany

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19
Q

Pulmonary Dz: Adult Examples

A

RAO, Acute viral pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, diaphragmatic hernia, pneumothorax

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20
Q

Pulmonary Dz: Young Examples

A

Rhodococcus equi, interstitial pneumonia, acute viral respiratory dz

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21
Q

Acute Cough: Etiologies

A

equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, equine viral arteritis, trauma

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22
Q

Equine Influenza: Signalment/Environment

A

young, poor ventilation, crowded

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23
Q

Equine Influenza: Signs

A

pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, dry harsh non-productive cough

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24
Q

Equine Influenza: Sequelae/complications

A

purpura hemorrhagica (immune mediated vasculitis)

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25
Equine Influenza: Tx
NSAIDs, rest (1wk/day of fever), ventilation
26
Equine Herpes Virus: Important Serotypes
EHV-1, EHV-2
27
EHV-1: Signs
cyclic fever spikes, depression, anorexia, abortion
28
EHV-1: Tx
NSAIDs, rest
29
EHV-2: Signs
respiratory dz in young horses
30
Equine Viral Arteritis: Pathogenesis
replication in bronchial macrophages
31
Equine Viral Arteritis: Signs
fever, anorexia, depression, abortion (any stage)
32
Equine Viral Arteritis: Dx
CBC - lymphopenia
33
Equine Viral Arteritis: Tx
supportive, NSAIDs
34
Chronic Cough: Etiologies
Upper Airway - Arytenoid Chondritis, trauma, foreign bodies | Lower Airway - Inflammatory airway Dz, Recurrent Airway Obstruction, parasites
35
Arytenoid Chondritis: Signalment
young thoroughbreds
36
Arytenoid Chondritis: Pathophysilogy
progressive cartilage enlargement => space occupying mass, dec. abduction
37
Inflammatory Airway Dz: Signalment
young racers
38
IAD: Etiology
irritants in the air
39
IAD: Pathophysiology
airway inflammation + hyper-reactivity
40
IAD: Signs
dec. performance, elicitable cough
41
IAD: Dx
endoscopy (mucopurulent exudate), BAL (for typng)
42
IAD: Types
Type 1 - mild neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphocytosis Type 2 - inc. mast cells Type 3 - eosinophilic inflammation
43
IAD: Tx
dec. irritants, bronchodilators Type 1 - interferon alpha Type 2 - Mast cell stabilizers Type 3 - Corticosteroids
44
Recurrent Airway Obstruction: Pathogenesis
allergies, small airway obstruction (bronchoconstriction, excessive inflammatory exudate)
45
RAO: Signs
middle aged, flared nostrils, cough, nasal discharge, exercise intolerance, diffuse expiratory noise, heave line
46
RAO: Dx
signs, BAL (neutrophilic inflammation), TTW (culture), endoscopy (yellow exudate)
47
RAO: Tx
keep outside, soak hay (15-20 min), corticosteroids, bronchodilator (terbutaline), inhalants (beclomethasone)
48
RAO: Complication
secondary bact - Strep. zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus
49
Respiratory Parasites: Examples
Lung worm, Parascaris equorum
50
Lung worm: Risk Factor
housed with donkeys
51
Lung worm: Dx
TTW, baerman
52
Lung worm: Tx
-bendazole
53
Parascaris equorum: Signalment
less than 10 mo
54
Interstitial Pneumonia: Etiology
infectious, toxic, hypersensitivity
55
Interstitial Pneumonia: Signs
fever, cough, nasal discharge, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, cyanosis, heave line, nostril flare
56
Interstitial Pneumonia: Dx
Rads (extensive interstial + bronchointerstitial pattern), histo
57
Guteral Pouch Empyema: Etiology
Strep. zooepidemicu/equi
58
Guteral Pouch Empyema: Signs
intermittent nasal discharge, lymphadenitis, dysphagia
59
Guteral Pouch Empyema: Dx
rads, endoscopy
60
Guteral Pouch Empyema: Tx
flush pouch (under sedation), antibiotics, sx
61
Strangles: Signalment
young/immunodeficient horses
62
Strangles: Signs
fever, depression, nasal discharge (purulent), cough, swollen submandibular LN
63
Strangles: Tx
antibiotics, iso
64
Purpura Hemorrhagica: Pathogenesis
type 3 allergic response to URT infection => leaky blood vessels
65
Purpura Hemorrhagica: Dx
biopsy
66
Purpura Hemorrhagica: Tx
remove stimulus, NSAIDs
67
Pleuropneumonia: Risk Factors
stress (trnasport), prior viral dz, poor ventilation, anesthesia
68
Pleuropneumonia: Signs
Acute - fever, anorexia, cough, poss. toxemia Chronic - Dyspnea, plaque of sternal edema, respiratory distress foul odor
69
Pleuropneumonia: Dx
U/S (anechoic space between lung and thoracic wall), thoracocentesis
70
Pleuropneumonia: Tx
antibiotics, thoracic drainage, support
71
Rhodococcus equi: Signalment
less than 6mo (opportunistic)
72
Rhodococcus equi: Signs
acute onset, dyspnea, crackles, wheezes, cough, fever, poss. GI
73
Rhodococcus equi: Dx
CBC (inflammatory), DI (broncho-pneumonia + interstitial pattern), TTW (cytology)
74
Rhodococcus equi: Tx
antibiotics (erythromycin, rifampin), intermittent therapy
75
Cardio: Exam
presence of jugular distension, jugular pulse (abnormal if > half way up)
76
Cario Heart Sound Locations
Mitral - left 5th ICS halfway between elbow and shoulder Aortic - left 4th ICS point of shoulder Pulmonic - left 3rd ICS cranioventral to aortic Tricuspid - right 3rd ICS halfway between elbow and shoulder
77
Cardio: Rate
26-44
78
Dysrhythmias: Mechanisms
abnormal impulse, abnormal conduction
79
Dysrhythmias: Abnormal Impulse - Etiologies
change in electrolytes, drug/toxin, ectopic foci
80
ECG: Lead Placement
Black - left elbow White - right jugular furrow 1/3 up Red - away from heart
81
AV Block: Degrees
1st - seen in normal horse 2nd - Mobitz II pathologic 3rd - complete AV dissociation, pathologic
82
AV Block: Appearance
P wave w/o QRS complex Mobitz I - inc. SR interval Mobitz II - fixed SR interval 3rd - rapid regular P wave, wide bizarre complex
83
AV Block: Tx
pacemaker
84
Why are horses predisposed to Atrial Fib?
large artial mass
85
Atrial Fib: Signs
exercise intolerance, tachypnea, EIPH
86
Atrial Fib: Dx
ECG (baseline of "F" (P) waves, auscultation, echo
87
Atrial Fib: Tx
HR less than 60 - quinidine HR>60 - digoxin to slow rate, quinidine treat underlying dz
88
Atrial Fib: Quinidine - MoA
blocks fast inward Na current, can displace digoxin
89
Atrial Fib: Quinidine - Plan
5gm test dose, 10gm q 2hr, stop when sign of toxicity (~4-6 doses)
90
Ventricular Tachycardia: Etiologies
myocarditis, endocarditis, electrolyte/metabolic disturbance
91
V Tach: Signs
exercise intolernace, sustained VT, jugular pulse
92
V Tach: Dx
chem (electrolytes), ECG (wide, bizarre QRS)
93
V Tach: Tx
4-8 wk rest, treat underlying cause
94
Vegetative Endocarditis: Signalment
less than 4yrs, often males
95
Vegetative Endocarditis: Pathogenesis
structural damamge to enothelium => fibrinous clot
96
Vegetative Endocarditis: Etiologies
regurgitant jets, narrow orifices, high BP, sepsis
97
Vegetative Endocarditis: Signs
fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, murmur (if systolic = AV valve, if diastolic = semilunar valve)
98
Vegetative Endocarditis: Dx
CBC/chem (hyperproteinemia, leukocytosis, non-regen anemia), culture, echo
99
Vegetative Endocarditis: Tx
antibiotics (4-6wks), anti-inflammatories (flunixin, aspirin)
100
How do you assess RBC regeneration in a horse?
bone marrow aspirate (M:E less than 0.5)
101
Anemia: Decreased RBC Production - Etiologies
iron deficiency, secondary to organ dysfunction, erythropoietin abnormalities
102
Iron Deficiency: Types
true deficiency, functional deficiency
103
Functional Iron Deficiency: Lab
inc. TIBC | dec. serum ferritin, % sat transferrin, serum iron, marrow iron stores
104
What is the danger of giving horses human recombinant erythropoetin?
cross rxn w/ own erythropoetin => life threatening anemia
105
Anemia: Increased RBC Destruction - Etiology
oxidative damage, infection, toxin, immune mediated
106
Piroplasmosis: Etiology
intraerythrocytic Babesia/Theleria
107
T/F: All Theleria stages are intraerythrocytic.
False | Thleria has an exoerythrocytic
108
Piroplasmosis: Signs
intravascular hemolysis, fever, icterus, hemoglobinuria
109
Piroplasmosis: Dx
signs, smear, serology
110
Prioplasmosis: Tx
imidocarb (need special FDA approval), buparvaquone
111
Equine Infectious Anemia: Etiology
Lentivirus (reportable dz)
112
EIA: Signs
Acute (first exposure) - thrombocytopenia, fever depression, petechia Subacute/Chronic (>30 d) - recurrent fever, depression, anemia, icterus; petechia, edema, wt. loss
113
EIA: Dx
Coggins test, ELISA
114
EIA: Tx
supportive
115
Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: Signs
extravascular hemolysis, 10-20% PCV
116
IMHA: Tx
treat primary dz, corticosteroids (immunosuppression), supportive
117
Equine Granulocytic Erlichiosis: Etiology
Anaplasma
118
Equine Granulocytic Erlichiosis: Signs
ecchymosis, petechia, icterus, ventral edema, ataxia
119
Equine Granulocytic Erlichiosis: Dx
CBC (anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia), serology
120
Equine Granulocytic Erlichiosis: Tx
self recovery w/in 2wks
121
Muscle: Enzymes
AST - not muscle specific, but slow peak and long half life | CK - mostly muscle specific, sensitive, reflects muscle dmg, fast peak, short half life
122
Exercise Challenge Test: Goals
inc. CK (won't in normal horse)
123
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis: Signalment
quarter horse
124
HyperK Periodic Paralysis: Signs
highly variable, 3rd eyelid prolapse, normal CK, sweating, muscle fasiculations
125
HyperK Periodic Paralysis: Etiology
autosomal dominat trait => abnormal Na channels -> reduced resting potential => hyperkalemia
126
HyperK Periodic Paralysis: Dx
gene test, signs + hyperK during episode
127
HyperK Periodic Paralysis: Management
low K diet, min. stress, regular exercise, acetazolamide
128
Exertional Myopathy: Classifcation
Type I - "weekend rider", fed as daily rider (high feed), exercised infrequently Type II - electrolyte and perfusion disturbance (overexertion)
129
Exertional Myopathy: Signs
Mild - shortly after exercise, poor performance, slight reluctance, firm painful hind end Severe - during exercise, stiff gait, reluctance, muscle tremors, colicy, pigmenturia, Acute renal failure
130
Exertional Myopathy: Dx
history, signs, inc. CK + AST
131
Exertional Myopathy: Tx
limit muscle dmg (fluids, vasodilator), analgesia (But, phenylbutazone), balance fluids and electrolytes, renal protection
132
Exertional Myopathy: Control
diet (low carb, high protein), exercise
133
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy: Signalment
Quarter horse, belgains
134
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy: Etiology
deficiency in skeletal muscle glycolysis
135
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy: Dx
histo
136
Anesthesia Related Myopathy: Signalment/History
``` large/muscled horses prolonged anesthesia (>2hr), inappropriate padding ```
137
Anesthesia Related Myopathy: Signs
prolonged recovery, dog-sitting, rear fetlock buckling
138
Anesthesia Related Myopathy: Complication
renal dmg, permanent muscle dmg
139
Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency: Signalment
quarter horse foals
140
Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency: Etieology
autosomal recessive dz => accumulation of abnormal polysaccharides
141
Clostridial Myonecrosis: History
injection
142
Clostridial Myonecrosis: Signs
fever, rapid progression, lame/stiff, muscle swelling, necrosis of overlying skin
143
Clostridial Myonecrosis: Dx
signs, inc. CK + AST
144
Clostridial Myonecrosis: Tx
sx fenestration of muscle, penicillin supportive
145
Choke: Classification
Primary - no underlying esophageal dysfunction (dental, behavior) Secondary - direct issue w/ esophagus
146
Choke: Signs
profuse bilateral nasal discharge (food tinged), neck stretching, coughing
147
Choke: Dx
nasogastric tube, endosopy
148
Choke: Tx
sedation -> NG intubation and flush, treat underlying cause
149
Colic PE: HR
non-strangulating - 60-80 | strangulating - 80+
150
What does fever indicate when assessing for colic?
underlying infection
151
Colic PE: Grades of Pain (signs of colic)
grade 1 - playing in water, walking looking at flank grade 2 - purposeful pawing, kicking abdomen, getting up and down grade 3 - constant up and down, crouching, rolling
152
What is Borborygmi?
normal GI sounds
153
When is GI auscultation considered abnormal?
when there is total absence
154
Colic NG Tube: Purpose
prevent gastric rupture
155
Colic NG Tube: pH
7 or less - gastric | >7 - SI
156
Colic Abdominocentesis: Order of increases
protein, RBC, WBC
157
Colic: IDed Risk Factors
change in diet +/ exercise, previous history of colic
158
Colic: Classifications
strangulating vs. non-strangulating, SI vs LC vs SC

Large Animal Medicine (6 decks)

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