Exam 1

Question 1

Endotoxin: Source

Answer 1

gram (-) bacteria

Question 2

Endotoxin: Components

Answer 2

Polysacharide - O region - Bact specific

Core - acidic polysacharides

Lipid A Region - same throughout all bacteria

Question 3

Endotoxemia: Causes

Answer 3

GIT disturbance, metritis/placentitis, pleuropneumonia, bact pleuritis +/- peritonitis, septicemia, wound infection

Question 4

What happens to endotoxins once they enter the blood, if they came from the GIT?

Answer 4

bind to circulating LPS antibodies, removed by liver, bind to LBP

Question 5

Endotoxemia: Responses

Answer 5

alteration of blood flow, inc. permeability, hypercoagulability, neutrophil adhesion, monocyte/macrophage activation, platelet adhesion

Question 6

Endotoxemia: Phases of shock

Answer 6

hyperdynamic state

hypodynamic state

Question 7

Hyperdynamic State: Effects

Answer 7

net vasoconstriction, normal CRT, strong pulse, injected MM, warm extremities (peripheral vasodilation)

Question 8

Hypodynamic State: Effects

Answer 8

net vasodilation, congested MM, prolonged CRT, weak/thready pulse, cold extremities (peripheral vasoconstriction)

Question 9

Endotoxemia: Hemogram

Answer 9

leukocytopenia, neutropenia, normal lymphocytes

Question 10

Endotoxemia: Tx

Answer 10

remove the cause, cardio support, neutralize endotoxin (polymixin B), inhibit inflammatory response (flunixin)

Question 11

Laminitis: Causes

Answer 11

SID, Endocrine, trauma

Question 12

Laminitis: Sepsis - Inflammatory Theory

Answer 12

infiltration of leukocytes => inflammatory mediators

Question 13

Laminitis: Sepsis - Vascular Theory

Answer 13

vasoconstriction => hypoxia/ischemia

Question 14

Laminitis: Endocrine - Insulin Resistance

Answer 14

disrupts glucose metabolism and vascular function in lamellar epithelium

Question 15

Laminitis: Gross Changes

Answer 15

rotational displacement, vertical displacement

Question 16

Laminitis: Rotational Displacement

Answer 16

P3 rotates due to tensile force from the DDF

Question 17

Laminitis: Vertical Displacement

Answer 17

P3 sinks distally due to shear force from weight bearing

Question 18

Laminitis: Evaluation

Answer 18

stance/gait, signs of inflammation, digital pulse, palpate coronary band (sinking), hoof tester response (rotational), weight shifting

Question 19

Laminitis: Stance/Gait

Answer 19

Front hooves affected - shifting weight back

All hooves affected - shits weight to the center

Gait - reluctant, walking on egg shells

Question 20

Laminitis: Digital Pulse

Answer 20

bounding

Question 21

Laminitis: Rad Evaluation

Answer 21

Rotation - P3 should be parallel w/ outer hoof wall Vertical - distance between coronary band and P2-P3 joint

Question 22

Laminitis: Stages

Answer 22

developmental - no signs (at risk)

Acute - signs w/o mechanical displacement

Chronic - signs w/ mechanical displacement

Question 23

Laminitis: Tx

Answer 23

treat underlying cause, local nitroglycerin, foot therapy, fentanyl patch

Question 24

Laminitis: Foot Therapy

Answer 24

cryotherapy, inc. digital perfusion (low dose Ace), NSAIDs, support “shoes”

Question 25

Laminitis: Radiographic Markers

Answer 25

dorsal hoof wall, tip of frog, coronary band

Question 26

What are the energy pathways used by muscles?

Answer 26

Phosphocreatine pathway, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic pathway

Question 27

Muscle Fiber: Types

Answer 27

I, IIA, IIX

Question 28

What kind of work do Type I fibers perform?

Answer 28

slow repetitive movements

Question 29

What kind of work do Type IIA fibers perform?

Answer 29

prolonged powerful movements

Question 30

What kind of work do Type IIX fibers perform?

Answer 30

short powerful movements

Question 31

Equine Exercise: Cardio Compensation

Answer 31

splenocontractions, inc. CO by inc. HR + SV

Question 32

Equine Exercise: Respiratory Compensation

Answer 32

inc. ventilation (-\> 1/step)

Question 33

How do you make subtle lung dz more apparent?

Answer 33

use a rebreathing bag

Question 34

Epistaxis: Etiologies

Answer 34

gutteral pouch mycosis, trauma, progressive ethmoid hematoma, EIPH, coagulopathies

Question 35

Gutteral Pouch Mycosis: Signs

Answer 35

several spontanious bouts of mild unilateral epistaxis, dysphagia, localized pain

Question 36

Gutteral Pouch Mycosis: Dx

Answer 36

signs/history, endoscopy

Question 37

Gutteral Pouch Mycosis: Tx

Answer 37

antifungals, occlude affected blood vessel

Question 38

Ethmoid Hematoma: Signalment

Answer 38

older warmblooded males most likely

Question 39

Ethmoid Hematoma: Signs

Answer 39

mild-unilateral-intermittent epistaxis, malodorous discharge, respiratory noise on in- and ex-

Question 40

Ethmoid Hematoma: Dx

Answer 40

endoscopy, DI, biopsy

Question 41

Ethmoid Hematoma: Tx

Answer 41

sx, intralesional formalin

Question 42

EIPH: History

Answer 42

intense exercise (high speed)

Question 43

EIPH: Pathophysiology

Answer 43

Capillary Rupture Theory - CO stresses exceed the vessel tensile strength

Question 44

EIPH: Signs

Answer 44

poor performance, epistaxis, coughing

Question 45

EIPH: Dx

Answer 45

endoscopy, hemisiderophages (TTW/BAL), DI

Question 46

EIPH: Endoscopy Grading

Answer 46

0 - no blood 1 - one or more flecks of blood 2 - one long stream of blood or \> 2 short streams 3 - multiple distinct streams of blood 4 - multiple coalescing streams of blood

Question 47

EIPH: Tx

Answer 47

diuretics