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Large Animal Medicine > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Endotoxin: Source

A

gram (-) bacteria

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2
Q

Endotoxin: Components

A

Polysacharide - O region - Bact specific

Core - acidic polysacharides

Lipid A Region - same throughout all bacteria

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3
Q

Endotoxemia: Causes

A

GIT disturbance, metritis/placentitis, pleuropneumonia, bact pleuritis +/- peritonitis, septicemia, wound infection

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4
Q

What happens to endotoxins once they enter the blood, if they came from the GIT?

A

bind to circulating LPS antibodies, removed by liver, bind to LBP

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5
Q

Endotoxemia: Responses

A

alteration of blood flow, inc. permeability, hypercoagulability, neutrophil adhesion, monocyte/macrophage activation, platelet adhesion

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6
Q

Endotoxemia: Phases of shock

A

hyperdynamic state

hypodynamic state

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7
Q

Hyperdynamic State: Effects

A

net vasoconstriction, normal CRT, strong pulse, injected MM, warm extremities (peripheral vasodilation)

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8
Q

Hypodynamic State: Effects

A

net vasodilation, congested MM, prolonged CRT, weak/thready pulse, cold extremities (peripheral vasoconstriction)

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9
Q

Endotoxemia: Hemogram

A

leukocytopenia, neutropenia, normal lymphocytes

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10
Q

Endotoxemia: Tx

A

remove the cause, cardio support, neutralize endotoxin (polymixin B), inhibit inflammatory response (flunixin)

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11
Q

Laminitis: Causes

A

SID, Endocrine, trauma

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12
Q

Laminitis: Sepsis - Inflammatory Theory

A

infiltration of leukocytes => inflammatory mediators

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13
Q

Laminitis: Sepsis - Vascular Theory

A

vasoconstriction => hypoxia/ischemia

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14
Q

Laminitis: Endocrine - Insulin Resistance

A

disrupts glucose metabolism and vascular function in lamellar epithelium

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15
Q

Laminitis: Gross Changes

A

rotational displacement, vertical displacement

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16
Q

Laminitis: Rotational Displacement

A

P3 rotates due to tensile force from the DDF

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17
Q

Laminitis: Vertical Displacement

A

P3 sinks distally due to shear force from weight bearing

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18
Q

Laminitis: Evaluation

A

stance/gait, signs of inflammation, digital pulse, palpate coronary band (sinking), hoof tester response (rotational), weight shifting

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19
Q

Laminitis: Stance/Gait

A

Front hooves affected - shifting weight back

All hooves affected - shits weight to the center

Gait - reluctant, walking on egg shells

20
Q

Laminitis: Digital Pulse

21
Q

Laminitis: Rad Evaluation

A

Rotation - P3 should be parallel w/ outer hoof wall Vertical - distance between coronary band and P2-P3 joint

22
Q

Laminitis: Stages

A

developmental - no signs (at risk)

Acute - signs w/o mechanical displacement

Chronic - signs w/ mechanical displacement

23
Q

Laminitis: Tx

A

treat underlying cause, local nitroglycerin, foot therapy, fentanyl patch

24
Q

Laminitis: Foot Therapy

A

cryotherapy, inc. digital perfusion (low dose Ace), NSAIDs, support “shoes”

25
Q

Laminitis: Radiographic Markers

A

dorsal hoof wall, tip of frog, coronary band

26
Q

What are the energy pathways used by muscles?

A

Phosphocreatine pathway, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic pathway

27
Q

Muscle Fiber: Types

A

I, IIA, IIX

28
Q

What kind of work do Type I fibers perform?

A

slow repetitive movements

29
Q

What kind of work do Type IIA fibers perform?

A

prolonged powerful movements

30
Q

What kind of work do Type IIX fibers perform?

A

short powerful movements

31
Q

Equine Exercise: Cardio Compensation

A

splenocontractions, inc. CO by inc. HR + SV

32
Q

Equine Exercise: Respiratory Compensation

A

inc. ventilation (-> 1/step)

33
Q

How do you make subtle lung dz more apparent?

A

use a rebreathing bag

34
Q

Epistaxis: Etiologies

A

gutteral pouch mycosis, trauma, progressive ethmoid hematoma, EIPH, coagulopathies

35
Q

Gutteral Pouch Mycosis: Signs

A

several spontanious bouts of mild unilateral epistaxis, dysphagia, localized pain

36
Q

Gutteral Pouch Mycosis: Dx

A

signs/history, endoscopy

37
Q

Gutteral Pouch Mycosis: Tx

A

antifungals, occlude affected blood vessel

38
Q

Ethmoid Hematoma: Signalment

A

older warmblooded males most likely

39
Q

Ethmoid Hematoma: Signs

A

mild-unilateral-intermittent epistaxis, malodorous discharge, respiratory noise on in- and ex-

40
Q

Ethmoid Hematoma: Dx

A

endoscopy, DI, biopsy

41
Q

Ethmoid Hematoma: Tx

A

sx, intralesional formalin

42
Q

EIPH: History

A

intense exercise (high speed)

43
Q

EIPH: Pathophysiology

A

Capillary Rupture Theory - CO stresses exceed the vessel tensile strength

44
Q

EIPH: Signs

A

poor performance, epistaxis, coughing

45
Q

EIPH: Dx

A

endoscopy, hemisiderophages (TTW/BAL), DI

46
Q

EIPH: Endoscopy Grading

A

0 - no blood

1 - one or more flecks of blood

2 - one long stream of blood or > 2 short streams

3 - multiple distinct streams of blood

4 - multiple coalescing streams of blood

47
Q

EIPH: Tx

Large Animal Medicine (6 decks)

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