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Lifespan Psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the hazards of physical play?

A
  • Loss of self-esteem
  • injuries
  • reinforcement of prejudice
  • increased stress
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1
Q

What are the benefits of physical activity?

A
  • better overall health
  • less obesity
  • appreciation of cooperation and fair play
  • improved problem-solving abilities
  • respect for teammates and opponents of many ethnicities and nationalities
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2
Q

What kind of medical care reduced deaths drastically? (Middle childhood)

A

Immunization

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3
Q

Hearing impairments and anemia are ___ as frequent in middle childhood as they were two decades ago

A

Half

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4
Q

In 1950 and 2010 how many 5-14 year olds died?

A

1950: 70 per 100,000
2010: 15 per 100,000

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5
Q

Define body mass index (BMI)

A

A person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters

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6
Q

Define childhood overweight

A

In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control’s 1980 standards for children’s of a given age.

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7
Q

Define childhood obesity

A

In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for disease Control’s 1980 standards for children of a given age.

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8
Q

Define primary prevention

A

Requires changes in the entire society.

Ex: Michelle Obama’s “Let’s Move” initiative

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9
Q

Define secondary prevention

A

Decreases illness among high-risk children.

Ex: annual check-ups by the same pediatrician

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10
Q

Define tertiary prevention

A

Treats problems after they appear.

Ex: overweight child eats less junk food and exercises more

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11
Q

What’s Piaget cognition of middle childhood?

A

Concrete operational thought- the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perception

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12
Q

Unlike Piaget Vygotsky regarded ____ as crucial

A

Instruction.

Believed education occurred everywhere and children learn from everything even other daily experience

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13
Q

Define scaffolding

A

Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

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14
Q

Define zone of proximinal

A

Vygotsky’s term for the skills cognitive as well as physical that a person can exercise only with the assistance, not yet independently

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15
Q

Define selective attention

A

The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.

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16
Q

Define sensory memory

A

The component of the info processing system in which incoming stimulus info is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed

Sensations are retained for a moment

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17
Q

Define working memory

A

The component of the info processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs (short-term memory)

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18
Q

Define long-term memory

A

The component of the info processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of info can be stored indefinitely

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19
Q

Define metacognition

A

“Thinking about thinking,” or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one’s performance on that task

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20
Q

Define pragmatics

A

The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context

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21
Q

Define immersion

A

A strategy in which instructions in all school subjects occur in the second language that a child is learning

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22
Q

Define bilingual schooling

A

A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learners original language and the second language (majority)

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23
Q

Define ESL (English as a second language)

A

An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers

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24
Q

Define charter schools

A

A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located

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25
Q

Defined No Child Left Behind

A

A U.S. Law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement

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26
Q

Define private school

A

A school funded by parents and sponsoring institutions. Such schools have control over admissions, hiring, and specific curriculum, although some regulations apply.

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27
Q

Define parochial school

A

Non-public schools organized by a religious group. The curriculum, discipline, instructors reflect the beliefs of the religious body, which often provides substantial financial support

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28
Q

Define voucher

A

A monetary commitment by the government to pay for the education of a child.

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29
Q

Define home schooling

A

Education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents, instead of attending any school, public or private

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30
Q

Define aptitude

A

The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge

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31
Q

Define IQ test

A

A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school.

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32
Q

Define achievement test

A

A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, math, writing, science, or some other subject.

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33
Q

Define ADHD

A

A condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive

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34
Q

Define bipolar disorder

A

A condition characterized by extreme mood swings, from euphoria to deep depression, not caused by outside experiences

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35
Q

Define dyslexia

A

Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment

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36
Q

Define autism spectrum disorder

A

A development disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction-

including difficulty seeing things from another person’s point of view-and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

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37
Q

What’s Erikson’s theory? (Middle childhood)

A

Industry vs inferiority- the fourth of eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious of inferior, competent or incompetent (winners or losers, productive or useless)

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38
Q

What’s friends psychoanalytic theory (middle childhood)

A

Latency- children’s emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet. Freud thought that sexual conflicts from earlier stages are only temporarily submerged, bursting forth again at puberty.

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39
Q

Define resilience

A

The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress

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40
Q

Define family structure

A

The legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and so on

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41
Q

Family function

A

The way a family works to meet the need of its members. (Children need families to provide basic material necessities, to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships, and to foster harmony and stability)

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42
Q

Define nuclear family

A

A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18

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43
Q

Define child culture

A

The particular habits, styles, and values that reflects the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as district from adult society.

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44
Q

What effect do older siblings have on their younger siblings?

A

Pass down particular rules and behaviors, values, rituals

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45
Q

Define bullying

A

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person

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46
Q

Define bully-victim

A

Someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well. (Also known as provocative victims)

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47
Q

Define physical bullying

A

Hitting, pinching, or kicking

48
Q

Define verbal bullying

A

Teasing, taunting, or name-calling

49
Q

Define relational bullying

A

Destroying peer acceptance and friendship

50
Q

Define cyberbullying

A

Using electronic means to harm another

51
Q

What’s koelbergs theory? (Middle childhood)

A

Moral thought:

Preconventional moral reasoning- koelberg’s first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishment

Conventional moral reasoning- koelberg’s second level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules

Postconventional moral reasoning- koelberg’s third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles

52
Q

Define puberty

A

The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity

53
Q

Define hormones

A

An organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function

54
Q

Define pituitary gland

A

A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands

55
Q

Effects of being a early maturing girl or boy

A

Early- lower self esteem, more depression, poorer body image than other girls, older boyfriends (boosts social status), increases risk of drug and alcohol use, eating disorders, relational bullying, and physical violence

Late- more aggressive, lawbreaking, alcohol abuse, depression (appears as anger)

Both correlate w sexual activity

56
Q

Define primary sex characteristics

A

The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis

57
Q

Define secondary sex characteristics

A

Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a women’s breast

58
Q

Define body image

A

A person’s idea of how his or her body looks

59
Q

Define anorexia (nervosa)

A

An eating disorder characterized by severe calorie restriction and the fear of being fat. Affected individuals under-eat, or over-eat and then over-exercise or purge, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. (Can be fatal)

60
Q

Define bulimia (nervosa)

A

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives

61
Q

Define egocentrism (adolescents)

A

A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others

62
Q

Define personal fable

A

An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent’s belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else’s

63
Q

Define invincibility fable

A

An adolescent’s egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotective sex,drug abuse, or high-speed driving

64
Q

Define imaginary audience

A

The other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious.

65
Q

What’s Piaget’s theory on cognitive development for adolescent’s?

A

Formal operational thought: The fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts (ex: scale with weights to balance each side equally)

66
Q

Define intuitive thought

A

Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions

67
Q

Define analytic thought

A

Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality

68
Q

Define secondary education

A

Literally, the period after primary education (elementary or grade school) and before tertiary education (college) it usually occurs from about age 12 to 18, although there is some variations by school and by nation

69
Q

Define middle school

A

A school for children in the grades between elementary and high school.

70
Q

Define cyberbullying

A

Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by a means of technology

71
Q

What’s Erikson’s theory on adolescent’s

A

Identity vs role confusion- Erikson’s term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “who am I?” But is confused as to which of many possible roles to adapt

72
Q

What are the four identity concepts?

A

Religious- religious beliefs (past parental practices influence religious identity)

Sexual- sexual orientation

Vocational- envisioning ones self as a worker in a particular occupation

Political-
(Political identity is the tendency to identify with and vote for ones own race, religion, sex, ethnicity etc.)

73
Q

Define bickering

A

Petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing

74
Q

Define parental monitoring

A

Parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom.

75
Q

Define communication, support, connectedness, control

A

Communication- do family members talk openly with one another

Support- do they rely on one another

Connectedness- how emotionally close are they

Control- do parent encourage or limit adolescent’s authority

76
Q

Define peer pressure

A

Encouragement to conform to ones friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and aptitude; (usually considered a negative force when used to defy adult authority)

77
Q

Define clique

A

A group of adolescent’s made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders

78
Q

Define crowd

A

A larger group of adolescent’s who have something in common but who are not be assault friends

79
Q

Define sexual orientation

A

A term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes

80
Q

Teenage births and abortions are ______

A

Declining

81
Q

Define child sexual abuse

A

Any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excited, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact us involved

82
Q

Define sexually transmitted infection (STI)

A

An infection spread by sexual contact

83
Q

Define familism

A

The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity and protect the family from outside forces

84
Q

Define clinical depression

A

Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more

85
Q

Define rumination

A

Repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression

86
Q

Define suicidal ideation

A

Thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtone

87
Q

Define parasuicide

A

Any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death. (Attempt or failed)

88
Q

Define cluster suicide

A

Several suicides commuted by members of a group within a brief period

89
Q

Define life-course-persistent offender

A

A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal

90
Q

Define adolescence-limited offender

A

A person whose criminal activity stops by age 21

91
Q

Define generational forgetting

A

The idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned. As used here, the term refers to knowledge about the harm drugs can do

92
Q

What has an impact of preventing drug abuse, drugs, drinking, smoking?

A

Parents influence (rules, if they are married or not)

Changing social context (higher price, target warnings)

93
Q

Define emerging adulthood

A

The period of life between the ages of 18 and 25. Emerging adulthood is now widely though of as a separate developmental stage

94
Q

The sexual-reproductive system is at its strongest during _______

A

Emerging adulthood

95
Q

In emerging adulthood

A

Fertility is optimal, miscarriage less common, seriously birth complications unusual

96
Q

Premarital sex

A

Reproductive ease has become a burden not a blessing.

Emerging adults want sex but know they aren’t ready for parenthood

Contraception-Failure rates are higher in adolescent’s than emerging adults

97
Q

What are risks more common in emerging adulthood?

A

Unprotected sex with a new partner

Driving fast without a seat belt

Carrying a loaded gun

Abusing drugs

Addictive gambling

98
Q

The low rate of serious disease between 18 and 25 is counterbalances by a high rate of severe ______

A

Injuries

99
Q

______ is always a factor in suicide, homicide. And accidents

A

Age

100
Q

More people are murdered during ____ than any other period

A

Emerging adulthood

101
Q

Define extreme sports

A

Forms of recreation that include apparent risk of injury or death and are attractive and thrilling as a result

102
Q

Define drug abuse

A

The ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user’s biological or psychological well-being

103
Q

Reproductive potential peaks at _____

A

Emerging adulthood

104
Q

Define postformal thought

A

A proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following Piaget’s four stages. Postformal thought goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical

105
Q

Define intimacy vs isolation

A

The sixth Erikson’s eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment they risk profound loneliness and isolation

106
Q

What are Hollands six categories to figure out ones personal preferences?

A

Conventional- structured business situations involving data analysis, finance, planning. (Values efficiency and order)

Enterprising- business situations involving persuasion, selling or influence (assertive, enthusiastic, self confident, drawn to leadership)

Realistic- prefer practical, hands-on, physical activities w tangible results. (Ex: building, repairing objects)

Social- prefer direct service or helping opportunities (drawn to humanistic or social causes)

Artistic- prefers unstructured situations involving self expression of ideas and concepts (ex: Art, music, theatre, film, writing)

Investigative- prefer to solve abstract problems involving science or engineering related subjects. Curious about the world and why and how it works. (Enjoy intellectual challenges)

107
Q

Define friends with benefits

A

When two people are friends, sometimes having sex, but not in a dating relationship

108
Q

Define cohabitation

A

An arrangement in which a couple live together in a committed romantic relationship but are not formally married

109
Q

What is binge drinking

A

4 or 5 drinks on one occasion

110
Q

Drug addictions and abuse are

A

More common during emerging adulthood than any other age

111
Q

Part of the attraction of drugs is in their abuse specifically _____

A

Dizzy, out of body, or high.

Adds thrill knowing authority figures disapprove

112
Q

As parental control decreases adolescent’s develop _____?

A

Autonomy

113
Q

Define sexual maturation

A

The stage or age when an organism can reproduce (adolescent’s)

114
Q

What’s the main cause of early death in middle childhood?

A

Accidents

115
Q

Define guided participation

A

Process in which children actively squire new skills and problem solving capabilities through their participation in meaningful activities alongside parents, adults, etc.

116
Q

What’s Erikson’s theory for middle childhood?

A

Industry vs inferiority-
if children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative they begin to feel industrious,

if the child cannot develop the specific skills they feel society is demanding then they may develop a sense of inferiority.

117
Q

Define whole language

A

A method of teaching reading and writing emphasizes learning whole words and phrases by encountering them in meaningful contexts rather than by phonics exercises

118
Q

What are the two causes of delinquency?

A

Childhood (primary brain-based)

Adolescent’s (primarily contextual)

Lifespan Psych (6 decks)

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