Exam 2 Flashcards
0
Q
What are the hazards of physical play?
A
- Loss of self-esteem
- injuries
- reinforcement of prejudice
- increased stress
1
Q
What are the benefits of physical activity?
A
- better overall health
- less obesity
- appreciation of cooperation and fair play
- improved problem-solving abilities
- respect for teammates and opponents of many ethnicities and nationalities
2
Q
What kind of medical care reduced deaths drastically? (Middle childhood)
A
Immunization
3
Q
Hearing impairments and anemia are ___ as frequent in middle childhood as they were two decades ago
A
Half
4
Q
In 1950 and 2010 how many 5-14 year olds died?
A
1950: 70 per 100,000
2010: 15 per 100,000
5
Q
Define body mass index (BMI)
A
A person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters
6
Q
Define childhood overweight
A
In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control’s 1980 standards for children’s of a given age.
7
Q
Define childhood obesity
A
In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for disease Control’s 1980 standards for children of a given age.
8
Q
Define primary prevention
A
Requires changes in the entire society.
Ex: Michelle Obama’s “Let’s Move” initiative
9
Q
Define secondary prevention
A
Decreases illness among high-risk children.
Ex: annual check-ups by the same pediatrician
10
Q
Define tertiary prevention
A
Treats problems after they appear.
Ex: overweight child eats less junk food and exercises more
11
Q
What’s Piaget cognition of middle childhood?
A
Concrete operational thought- the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perception
12
Q
Unlike Piaget Vygotsky regarded ____ as crucial
A
Instruction.
Believed education occurred everywhere and children learn from everything even other daily experience
13
Q
Define scaffolding
A
Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
14
Q
Define zone of proximinal
A
Vygotsky’s term for the skills cognitive as well as physical that a person can exercise only with the assistance, not yet independently
15
Q
Define selective attention
A
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
16
Q
Define sensory memory
A
The component of the info processing system in which incoming stimulus info is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed
Sensations are retained for a moment
17
Q
Define working memory
A
The component of the info processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs (short-term memory)
18
Q
Define long-term memory
A
The component of the info processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of info can be stored indefinitely
19
Q
Define metacognition
A
“Thinking about thinking,” or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one’s performance on that task
20
Q
Define pragmatics
A
The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context
21
Q
Define immersion
A
A strategy in which instructions in all school subjects occur in the second language that a child is learning
22
Q
Define bilingual schooling
A
A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learners original language and the second language (majority)
23
Q
Define ESL (English as a second language)
A
An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers
24
Define charter schools
A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located
25
Defined No Child Left Behind
A U.S. Law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement
26
Define private school
A school funded by parents and sponsoring institutions. Such schools have control over admissions, hiring, and specific curriculum, although some regulations apply.
27
Define parochial school
Non-public schools organized by a religious group. The curriculum, discipline, instructors reflect the beliefs of the religious body, which often provides substantial financial support
28
Define voucher
A monetary commitment by the government to pay for the education of a child.
29
Define home schooling
Education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents, instead of attending any school, public or private
30
Define aptitude
The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
31
Define IQ test
A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school.
32
Define achievement test
A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, math, writing, science, or some other subject.
33
Define ADHD
A condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive
34
Define bipolar disorder
A condition characterized by extreme mood swings, from euphoria to deep depression, not caused by outside experiences
35
Define dyslexia
Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment
36
Define autism spectrum disorder
A development disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction-
including difficulty seeing things from another person's point of view-and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
37
What's Erikson's theory? (Middle childhood)
Industry vs inferiority- the fourth of eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious of inferior, competent or incompetent (winners or losers, productive or useless)
38
What's friends psychoanalytic theory (middle childhood)
Latency- children's emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet. Freud thought that sexual conflicts from earlier stages are only temporarily submerged, bursting forth again at puberty.
39
Define resilience
The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
40
Define family structure
The legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and so on
41
Family function
The way a family works to meet the need of its members. (Children need families to provide basic material necessities, to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships, and to foster harmony and stability)
42
Define nuclear family
A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18
43
Define child culture
The particular habits, styles, and values that reflects the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as district from adult society.
44
What effect do older siblings have on their younger siblings?
Pass down particular rules and behaviors, values, rituals
45
Define bullying
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person
46
Define bully-victim
Someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well. (Also known as provocative victims)
47
Define physical bullying
Hitting, pinching, or kicking
48
Define verbal bullying
Teasing, taunting, or name-calling
49
Define relational bullying
Destroying peer acceptance and friendship
50
Define cyberbullying
Using electronic means to harm another
51
What's koelbergs theory? (Middle childhood)
Moral thought:
Preconventional moral reasoning- koelberg's first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishment
Conventional moral reasoning- koelberg's second level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules
Postconventional moral reasoning- koelberg's third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles
52
Define puberty
The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity
53
Define hormones
An organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function
54
Define pituitary gland
A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands
55
Effects of being a early maturing girl or boy
Early- lower self esteem, more depression, poorer body image than other girls, older boyfriends (boosts social status), increases risk of drug and alcohol use, eating disorders, relational bullying, and physical violence
Late- more aggressive, lawbreaking, alcohol abuse, depression (appears as anger)
Both correlate w sexual activity
56
Define primary sex characteristics
The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis
57
Define secondary sex characteristics
Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a women's breast
58
Define body image
A person's idea of how his or her body looks
59
Define anorexia (nervosa)
An eating disorder characterized by severe calorie restriction and the fear of being fat. Affected individuals under-eat, or over-eat and then over-exercise or purge, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. (Can be fatal)
60
Define bulimia (nervosa)
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives
61
Define egocentrism (adolescents)
A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others
62
Define personal fable
An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's
63
Define invincibility fable
An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotective sex,drug abuse, or high-speed driving
64
Define imaginary audience
The other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious.
65
What's Piaget's theory on cognitive development for adolescent's?
Formal operational thought: The fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts (ex: scale with weights to balance each side equally)
66
Define intuitive thought
Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions
67
Define analytic thought
Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality
68
Define secondary education
Literally, the period after primary education (elementary or grade school) and before tertiary education (college) it usually occurs from about age 12 to 18, although there is some variations by school and by nation
69
Define middle school
A school for children in the grades between elementary and high school.
70
Define cyberbullying
Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by a means of technology
71
What's Erikson's theory on adolescent's
Identity vs role confusion- Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "who am I?" But is confused as to which of many possible roles to adapt
72
What are the four identity concepts?
Religious- religious beliefs (past parental practices influence religious identity)
Sexual- sexual orientation
Vocational- envisioning ones self as a worker in a particular occupation
Political-
(Political identity is the tendency to identify with and vote for ones own race, religion, sex, ethnicity etc.)
73
Define bickering
Petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing
74
Define parental monitoring
Parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom.
75
Define communication, support, connectedness, control
Communication- do family members talk openly with one another
Support- do they rely on one another
Connectedness- how emotionally close are they
Control- do parent encourage or limit adolescent's authority
76
Define peer pressure
Encouragement to conform to ones friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and aptitude; (usually considered a negative force when used to defy adult authority)
77
Define clique
A group of adolescent's made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders
78
Define crowd
A larger group of adolescent's who have something in common but who are not be assault friends
79
Define sexual orientation
A term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes
80
Teenage births and abortions are ______
Declining
81
Define child sexual abuse
Any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excited, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact us involved
82
Define sexually transmitted infection (STI)
An infection spread by sexual contact
83
Define familism
The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity and protect the family from outside forces
84
Define clinical depression
Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more
85
Define rumination
Repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression
86
Define suicidal ideation
Thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtone
87
Define parasuicide
Any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death. (Attempt or failed)
88
Define cluster suicide
Several suicides commuted by members of a group within a brief period
89
Define life-course-persistent offender
A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal
90
Define adolescence-limited offender
A person whose criminal activity stops by age 21
91
Define generational forgetting
The idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned. As used here, the term refers to knowledge about the harm drugs can do
92
What has an impact of preventing drug abuse, drugs, drinking, smoking?
Parents influence (rules, if they are married or not)
Changing social context (higher price, target warnings)
93
Define emerging adulthood
The period of life between the ages of 18 and 25. Emerging adulthood is now widely though of as a separate developmental stage
94
The sexual-reproductive system is at its strongest during _______
Emerging adulthood
95
In emerging adulthood
Fertility is optimal, miscarriage less common, seriously birth complications unusual
96
Premarital sex
Reproductive ease has become a burden not a blessing.
Emerging adults want sex but know they aren't ready for parenthood
Contraception-Failure rates are higher in adolescent's than emerging adults
97
What are risks more common in emerging adulthood?
Unprotected sex with a new partner
Driving fast without a seat belt
Carrying a loaded gun
Abusing drugs
Addictive gambling
98
The low rate of serious disease between 18 and 25 is counterbalances by a high rate of severe ______
Injuries
99
______ is always a factor in suicide, homicide. And accidents
Age
100
More people are murdered during ____ than any other period
Emerging adulthood
101
Define extreme sports
Forms of recreation that include apparent risk of injury or death and are attractive and thrilling as a result
102
Define drug abuse
The ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user's biological or psychological well-being
103
Reproductive potential peaks at _____
Emerging adulthood
104
Define postformal thought
A proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following Piaget's four stages. Postformal thought goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical
105
Define intimacy vs isolation
The sixth Erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment they risk profound loneliness and isolation
106
What are Hollands six categories to figure out ones personal preferences?
Conventional- structured business situations involving data analysis, finance, planning. (Values efficiency and order)
Enterprising- business situations involving persuasion, selling or influence (assertive, enthusiastic, self confident, drawn to leadership)
Realistic- prefer practical, hands-on, physical activities w tangible results. (Ex: building, repairing objects)
Social- prefer direct service or helping opportunities (drawn to humanistic or social causes)
Artistic- prefers unstructured situations involving self expression of ideas and concepts (ex: Art, music, theatre, film, writing)
Investigative- prefer to solve abstract problems involving science or engineering related subjects. Curious about the world and why and how it works. (Enjoy intellectual challenges)
107
Define friends with benefits
When two people are friends, sometimes having sex, but not in a dating relationship
108
Define cohabitation
An arrangement in which a couple live together in a committed romantic relationship but are not formally married
109
What is binge drinking
4 or 5 drinks on one occasion
110
Drug addictions and abuse are
More common during emerging adulthood than any other age
111
Part of the attraction of drugs is in their abuse specifically _____
Dizzy, out of body, or high.
Adds thrill knowing authority figures disapprove
112
As parental control decreases adolescent's develop _____?
Autonomy
113
Define sexual maturation
The stage or age when an organism can reproduce (adolescent's)
114
What's the main cause of early death in middle childhood?
Accidents
115
Define guided participation
Process in which children actively squire new skills and problem solving capabilities through their participation in meaningful activities alongside parents, adults, etc.
116
What's Erikson's theory for middle childhood?
Industry vs inferiority-
if children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative they begin to feel industrious,
if the child cannot develop the specific skills they feel society is demanding then they may develop a sense of inferiority.
117
Define whole language
A method of teaching reading and writing emphasizes learning whole words and phrases by encountering them in meaningful contexts rather than by phonics exercises
118
What are the two causes of delinquency?
Childhood (primary brain-based)
Adolescent's (primarily contextual)
