Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are the types of prevention?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
What are nutrition issues?
Overweight, obesity, poor oral health, heart disease and diabetes, allergies, obsessions
What’s primary prevention?
Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.
What’s secondary prevention?
Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or installing traffic lights at dangerous intersections.
What’s tertiary prevention?
Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness, injury, or abuse) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability.
What’s the corpus callosum?
A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.
Define myelination
The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that’s speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.
Define Piaget’s preoperational intelligence
Ages 2 and 6
Language and imagination (which involves symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible.
Define Piaget’s symbolic thought
The concept that an object or word can stand for something else, including something pretend or not seen.
Once symbolic thought is useful language becomes more useful.
Define animism (Piaget)
The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.
Define centration (Piaget)
A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.
Define egocentrism (Piaget)
Young children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.
Define static reasoning (Piaget)
A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.
Define irreversibility (Piaget)
A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that’s nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
Define conservation (Piaget)
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same even when it’s appearance changes.
According to Vygotsky, children learn because their mentors do the following:
Present changes
Offer assistance (w/o taking over)
Add crucial info
Encourage motivation
Define zone of proximal development (ZPD) (Vygotsky)
Vygotsky’s term for the skills cognitive as well as physical that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.
Define scaffolding (Vygotsky)
Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.
Define overimitation (Vygotsky)
The tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned.
Define balance bilingual
A person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.
Define fast mapping
The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meanings.
Define overregularization
The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seen more “regular” than it actually is.
Define Montessori schools
Schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori (an Italian educator) emphasizes careful work and tasks that each young child can do.
Define Reggio Emilia
A famous program of early child-hood education that originated in the town Reggio Emilia, Italy; it encourages each child’s creativity in a carefully designed setting.
