Chapter 5

Question 0

What are the types of prevention?

Answer 0

Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention

Question 1

What are nutrition issues?

Answer 1

Overweight, obesity, poor oral health, heart disease and diabetes, allergies, obsessions

Question 2

What’s primary prevention?

Answer 2

Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.

Question 3

What’s secondary prevention?

Answer 3

Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or installing traffic lights at dangerous intersections.

Question 4

What’s tertiary prevention?

Answer 4

Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness, injury, or abuse) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability.

Question 5

What’s the corpus callosum?

Answer 5

A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.

Question 6

Define myelination

Answer 6

The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that’s speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.

Question 7

Define Piaget’s preoperational intelligence

Answer 7

Ages 2 and 6

Language and imagination (which involves symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible.

Question 8

Define Piaget’s symbolic thought

Answer 8

The concept that an object or word can stand for something else, including something pretend or not seen.

Once symbolic thought is useful language becomes more useful.

Question 9

Define animism (Piaget)

Answer 9

The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.

Question 10

Define centration (Piaget)

Answer 10

A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.

Question 11

Define egocentrism (Piaget)

Answer 11

Young children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.

Question 12

Define static reasoning (Piaget)

Answer 12

A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.

Question 13

Define irreversibility (Piaget)

Answer 13

A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that’s nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.

Question 14

Define conservation (Piaget)

Answer 14

The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same even when it’s appearance changes.

Question 15

According to Vygotsky, children learn because their mentors do the following:

Answer 15

Present changes

Offer assistance (w/o taking over)

Add crucial info

Encourage motivation

Question 16

Define zone of proximal development (ZPD) (Vygotsky)

Answer 16

Vygotsky’s term for the skills cognitive as well as physical that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.

Question 17

Define scaffolding (Vygotsky)

Answer 17

Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.

Question 18

Define overimitation (Vygotsky)

Answer 18

The tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned.

Question 19

Define balance bilingual

Answer 19

A person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.

Question 20

Define fast mapping

Answer 20

The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meanings.

Question 21

Define overregularization

Answer 21

The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seen more “regular” than it actually is.

Question 22

Define Montessori schools

Answer 22

Schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori (an Italian educator) emphasizes careful work and tasks that each young child can do.

Question 23

Define Reggio Emilia

Answer 23

A famous program of early child-hood education that originated in the town Reggio Emilia, Italy; it encourages each child’s creativity in a carefully designed setting.

Question 24

Define head start

Answer 24

The most widespread early-childhood education program in the United States, begun in 1965 and funded by the federal government.

Question 25

Define neurotransmitter

Answer 25

A substance (as norepinephrine or acetylcholine) that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse