Chapter 6

Question 0

Define extrinsic motivation

Answer 0

A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person’s esteem.

Question 1

Define intrinsic motivation

Answer 1

A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent.

Question 2

Define externalizing problems

Answer 2

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things.

Question 3

Define internalizing problems

Answer 3

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one’s emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless.

Question 4

What are the different types of play?

Answer 4

Solitary play: a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby.

Onlooker play: a child watches other children play.

Parallel play: children play with similar objects in similar ways, but not together.

Associative play: children interact, sharing materials, but their play is not reciprocal.

Cooperative play: children play together, creating dramas or taking turns.

Question 5

Define rough and tumble

Answer 5

Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is not intent to harm.

Question 6

Define sociodramatic play

Answer 6

Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create.

Question 7

Define authoritarian parenting

Answer 7

An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication.

Question 8

Define permissive parenting

Answer 8

An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control.

Question 9

Define authoritative parenting

Answer 9

An approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children.

Question 10

Define neglectful/uninvolved parenting

Answer 10

An approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives.

Question 11

Authoritarian parents raise children who are?

Answer 11

Conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy. Feel guilty or depressed. Internalizing their frustrations and blaming themselves when things don’t go well. May rebel in adolescence.

Question 12

Permissive parents raise children who are?

Answer 12

Unhappy children who lack self-control. Inadequate emotional regulation makes them immature and impedes friendships.

They tend to continue to live at home, still dependent on their parents, in early adulthood.

Question 13

Authoritative parents raise children who are?

Answer 13

Successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others. They are liked by teachers and peers.

Question 14

Neglectful/uninvolved parents raise children who are?

Answer 14

Immature, sad, lonely, at the risk of injury and abuse in early childhood and lifelong.

Question 15

Define sex differences

Answer 15

Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape.

Question 16

Define gender differences

Answer 16

Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females.

Question 17

Define phallic stage

Answer 17

(Freud) 3-6. Boys become aware of their male sex organs, they masturbate, fear castration, and develop sexual feelings toward their mother.

Question 18

What’s the Oepdipus complex?

Answer 18

The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers exclusive love.

Question 19

Define superego

Answer 19

In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents.

Question 20

Define ID

Answer 20

In psychoanalytic theory, the judgement part of the personality that internalizes pleasure standards of the parents

Question 21

Define ego

Answer 21

In psychoanalytic theory, the judgement part of the personality that internalizes the reality standards of the parent.

Question 22

Define instrumental aggression

Answer 22

Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and to keep it.

Question 23

Define reactive aggression

Answer 23

An impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical.

Question 24

Define relational aggression

Answer 24

Nonphysical acts. Such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people.

Question 25

Define bullying aggression

Answer 25

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.

Question 26

Define child maltreatment

Answer 26

Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.

Question 27

Define child abuse

Answer 27

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.

Question 28

Define child neglect

Answer 28

Failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.

Question 29

Define reported maltreatment

Answer 29

Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities.

Question 30

Define substantiated maltreatment

Answer 30

Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified.