Chapter 6 Flashcards
Define extrinsic motivation
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person’s esteem.
Define intrinsic motivation
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent.
Define externalizing problems
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things.
Define internalizing problems
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one’s emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless.
What are the different types of play?
Solitary play: a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby.
Onlooker play: a child watches other children play.
Parallel play: children play with similar objects in similar ways, but not together.
Associative play: children interact, sharing materials, but their play is not reciprocal.
Cooperative play: children play together, creating dramas or taking turns.
Define rough and tumble
Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is not intent to harm.
Define sociodramatic play
Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create.
Define authoritarian parenting
An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication.
Define permissive parenting
An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control.
Define authoritative parenting
An approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children.
Define neglectful/uninvolved parenting
An approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives.
Authoritarian parents raise children who are?
Conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy. Feel guilty or depressed. Internalizing their frustrations and blaming themselves when things don’t go well. May rebel in adolescence.
Permissive parents raise children who are?
Unhappy children who lack self-control. Inadequate emotional regulation makes them immature and impedes friendships.
They tend to continue to live at home, still dependent on their parents, in early adulthood.
Authoritative parents raise children who are?
Successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others. They are liked by teachers and peers.
Neglectful/uninvolved parents raise children who are?
Immature, sad, lonely, at the risk of injury and abuse in early childhood and lifelong.
Define sex differences
Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape.
Define gender differences
Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females.
Define phallic stage
(Freud) 3-6. Boys become aware of their male sex organs, they masturbate, fear castration, and develop sexual feelings toward their mother.
What’s the Oepdipus complex?
The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers exclusive love.
Define superego
In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents.
Define ID
In psychoanalytic theory, the judgement part of the personality that internalizes pleasure standards of the parents
Define ego
In psychoanalytic theory, the judgement part of the personality that internalizes the reality standards of the parent.
Define instrumental aggression
Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and to keep it.
Define reactive aggression
An impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical.
