Chapter 2-3

Question 0

Define DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids)

Answer 0

The molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cell to manufacture various proteins.

Question 1

Define zygote

Answer 1

The single cell that is formed from the fusing of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum. Every person starts out as a zygote

Question 2

Define chromosome

Answer 2

46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) contain units of construction called genes

Question 3

Define genes

Answer 3

A small section of a chromosome, the basic unit for the transmission of heredity. Consists of a string of chemicals that’s provides instructions for the cell to manufacture certain proteins.

Question 4

Define gamete

Answer 4

A reproductive cell, that is, a sperm or an ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from the other sex to form a zygote

Question 5

Define allele

Answer 5

Any of the possible forms in which a gene for a particular trait can occur

Question 6

Define monozygotic twins

Answer 6

Twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very easily in development

Question 7

Define dizygotic twins

Answer 7

Twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time. (Fraternal twins)

Question 8

What are the stages of prenatal development in order?

Answer 8

The germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage

Question 9

What’s the germinal period?

Answer 9

The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation

Question 10

What’s the embryonic period?

Answer 10

The stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through the eight week after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop

Question 11

What’s the fetal period?

Answer 11

The stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during which the fetus grows in size and matures in functioning

Question 12

What is an organism called from the ninth week after conception to birth?

Answer 12

A fetus

Question 13

Define ultrasound

Answer 13

An image of a fetus (or an internal organ) produced by using high frequency sound waves.

Question 14

Define age of viability

Answer 14

The age (about 22 weeks after conception) at which a fetus may survive outside the mothers uterus if specialized medical care is available

Question 15

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 15

About 38 weeks after conception, the fetal brain signals the release of hormones, specifically oxytocin, which prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor

Question 16

Define cesarean section (c-section)

Answer 16

A surgical birth, in which in ions through the mothers abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, instead of being delivered through the vagina

Question 17

Define epidural

Answer 17

An injection in a particular part of the spine of the laboring woman to alleviate pain. Increase the rate of c-sections and decrease the readiness of newborn infants to suck immediately after birth

Question 18

Define induced labor

Answer 18

Labor is started, speeded, or strengthened with a drug. (Increases the rate of complications, including cesarean sections)

Question 19

Define doula

Answer 19

A woman who helps with the birth process. Doulas are trained to offer support to new mothers, including massage and suggestions for breast feeding positions

Question 20

Define reflex

Answer 20

An unlearned, involuntary action or movement in response to a stimulus. A reflex occurs without conscious thought

Question 21

What are the types of reflexes?

Answer 21

Reflexes that maintain oxygen supply

Reflexes that maintain constant body temperature

Reflexes that manage feeding

Question 22

What are the reflexes that maintain oxygen supply?

Answer 22

Breathing

Reflexive hiccups and sneezes

Thrashing (moving arms and legs about)

Question 23

What are the reflexes that maintain body temperature?

Answer 23

When cold: cry and shiver

When hot: push away blankets and then stay still

Question 24

What are the reflexes that manage feeding?

Answer 24

The sucking reflex (newborns suck anything that touches their lips)

The rooting reflex (causes babies to turn their mouths toward anything that brushes their cheek)

The reflex swallowing (crying when the stomach is empty, spitting up when the stomach is full)

Question 25

What is postpartum depression?

Answer 25

A sense of inadequacy and sadness

With postpartum depression baby care can feel very burdensome

Question 26

What is parent infant bonding?

Answer 26

The strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn

Question 27

Define kangaroo care

Answer 27

A child care technique in which a new mother holds the baby between her breasts, like a kangaroo that carries her immature newborn in a pouch on her abdomen

(May help newborns sleep more deeply, gain weight more quickly, and spend more time alert vs infants with standard care)

Question 28

What’s Down syndrome?

Answer 28

A condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46

People with Down syndrome usually have distinctive characteristics, including facial features (thick tongue, round face, slanted eyes) heart beat abnormalities and language difficulties

Question 29

What’s fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) ?

Answer 29

A cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, and intellectual disabilities, that may occur in the child of a woman who drinks alcohol while pregnant

Question 30

Define lowbirthweight

Answer 30

A body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds (2,500 grams)

Question 31

Define very low birthweight

Answer 31

A body weight at birth of less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces (1,500)

Question 32

Extremely low birthweight

Answer 32

A body weight at birth of less than 2 pounds, 3 ounces

Question 33

What’s a neuron?

Answer 33

One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially in the brain

Communication within the CNS (spinal cord and the brain)

Question 34

What’s the cortex?

Answer 34

The outer layer of the brain in humans and other mammals.

Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex. (Most crucial layer)

Question 35

What’s the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 35

The area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control

Very inactive in the first few months of infancy and gradually becomes more efficient as time goes on

Question 36

What’s an axon?

Answer 36

A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neuron’s via their axons

Question 37

What’s a dendrite?

Answer 37

A fiber that extends from a neuron and receivers electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neuron’s via their axons

Question 38

What’s a synapse?

Answer 38

The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neuron’s

(Critical communication links within the brain)

Question 39

What’s a neurotransmitters

Answer 39

A brain chemical that carries info from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron

Question 40

What’s pruning?

Answer 40

When applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die

(Happens when there is the expansive growth of dendrites)

Question 41

What’s shaken baby syndrome?

Answer 41

A life threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and fourth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections

Death is worst possible result, intellectual impairment is more likely

Question 42

Define REM sleep

Answer 42

A stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves.

Indicates dreaming

Question 43

How much do newborns typical sleep?

Answer 43

15 to 17 hours a day

Question 44

What’s co-sleeping

Answer 44

A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room

Question 45

Define sensation

Answer 45

The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus.

Question 46

Define perception

Answer 46

The mental processing of sensory info when the brain interprets a sensation.

Question 47

What are motor skills?

Answer 47

The learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of an eyelids (movement of a muscle)

Question 48

Define gross motor skill

Answer 48

Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping (gross = big)

Question 49

Define Fine motor skills

Answer 49

Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers.

(such as drawing and picking up and coin)

(The word fine here means “small”)

Question 50

What are the benefits of breast feeding?

Answer 50

It’s sterile, always at body temp, rich in iron, vitamins, easier to digest

Babies receiving breast milk are less often sick, less likely to become obese

(Preferable to breast feed)

Question 51

What is protein-calorie malnutrition?

Answer 51

A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind.

This deprivation can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death

Question 52

Define stunting

Answer 52

The failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition.

(Common in the poorest nations)

Question 53

Define wasting

Answer 53

The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition.

Question 54

Define marasmus

Answer 54

A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies.

Question 55

Define kwashiorkor

Answer 55

A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza

Question 56

Define sensory motor intelligence

Answer 56

Piaget’s term for the way infants think-by using their senses and motor skills-during the first period of cognitive development.

Question 57

What are the stages of sensorimotor intelligence?

Answer 57

Primary circular reactions:
Stage one: reflexes-sucking grasping, staring, listening.

Stage two: accommodation and coordination of reflexes.

Secondary circular reactions:
Stage three: responding to people and objects.

Stage four: becoming more deliberate and purposeful in responding to people and objects.

Tertiary circular reactions:
Stage five: experimentation and creativity in the actions of the “little scientist”

Stage six: considering before doing

Question 58

Define object permanence

Answer 58

The realization that objects (including people) still exist even if they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.

Question 59

What are mirror neurons?

Answer 59

Cells in an observer’s brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action.

Question 60

Define child-directed speech

Answer 60

The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants (baby talk, motherese)

Question 61

Define babbling

Answer 61

The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old

Question 62

Define holophrase

Answer 62

A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought

Question 63

Define naming explosion

Answer 63

A sudden increase in an infant’s vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns.

Question 64

Define grammar

Answer 64

All the methods- word other, verb forms. And so on- that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves.