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302 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

most common upper body injury in this region (1/3)

A

fractured clavicle

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2
Q

MOI for fractured clavicle?

A

falling with arms outstretched

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3
Q

what is the adolescent form of a fractured clavicle known as?

A

greenstick fracture (incomplete)

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4
Q

a fractured clavicle possesses a potential danger to _______ and ________ structures & should be treated by a physician

A

neural, vascular

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5
Q

signs and symptoms of a fractured clavicle

A

swelling, pain, tenderness, deformity, discoloration, held arm

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6
Q

First aid methods for fractured clavicle

A

treat for shock
apply ice
immobilize
swath & bandage

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7
Q

uncommon injury normally a result of a direct blow

A

fractured scapula

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8
Q

S &S of fractured scapula

A
  • less clear than clavicle;

considerable pain, severe blow, function loss

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9
Q

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries MOI

A

downward blow to the lateral shoulder or falling on outstretched arm

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10
Q

AC joint injuries include ____ and ____ ligaments

A

AC and CC ligaments

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11
Q

injury severity for the AC joint injury is graded on damage to the _____. explain.

A

ligament; 1st degree sprain, 2nd degree sprain, 3rd degree sprain, etc.

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12
Q

this injury is involved in 40% of shoulder injuries

A

AC joint injury

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13
Q

S&S of AC joint injuries

A

swelling, tenderness, painful shoulder movement, (3rd degree: pop heard with visible deformity)

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14
Q

First aid for AC joint injury

A

shock treatment, (p)rice, immobilize (sling & swathe), refer to physician (not EMS)

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15
Q

SC joint injuries MOI

A

external blow to the shoulder resulting in dislocating of proximal clavicle; most common with clavicle moving anteriorly and superiorly

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16
Q

the SC joint is supported by several _________

A

ligaments

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17
Q

the SC joint is formed by the union of the ______ end of the _____ and ______ of the _______

A

proximal clavicle; manubrium of the sternum

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18
Q

S&S of SC joint injury

A

gross deformity of joint, swelling & pain, snapping or tearing sensations, individual holds their arm

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19
Q

1st aid for SC joint injury

A

shock, ice, compression, bandage & sling, physician referral

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20
Q

GH joint injury MOI

A

abducted, externally rotated arm stressing GH ligament.

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21
Q

most common type of GH joint injury is anterior ________, ______, or complete ________

A

dislocation, subluxation or complete dislocation

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22
Q

S&S for GH joint injury (dislocation)

A

deformity, down/sloping shoulder, abnormally long arm, humeral head palpable, unable to touch opp. shoulder

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23
Q

S&S for GH joint injury (subluxation)

A

GH joint may appear normal, painful to move, point tenderness

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24
Q

first aid for GH joint injury

A

should, apply ice, immobilize, do not reduce, refer to physician

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25
Q

GH joint injuries tend to be _____ and ______. Surgical treatment may be necessary

A

chronic, reoccur

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26
Q

any _____ of the shoulder can suffer a ____. Most common?

A

muscle, strain. most common: rotator cuff strain

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27
Q

MOI rotator cuff strains

A

errors in throw or swing (especially the follow through) contribute to over use injury

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28
Q

rotator cuff muscles contribute to ____ _____ stability plus abduction and rotation

A

GH joint

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29
Q

S&S rotator cuff strains

A

pain within shoulder especially during follow through; difficulty bringing arm back during “cocking” phase of the throw; pain & stiffness of shoulder 24 hours after activity; point tenderness

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30
Q

1st aid for rotator cuff strains

A

not practical (injury is chronic); RICE for pain; medical referral; rehabilitation (strength & flexibility)

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31
Q

what is “impingement syndrome” ?

A

when bursae/tendon is squeezed between moving structures

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32
Q

in impingement cases affecting the GH joint, the tendon of the ________ ______ is commonly impinged

A

supraspinatus muscle

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33
Q

any condition that decreases the size of the ______ _____ or causes poor alignment of the ______ with the ____ fossa may result in impingement syndrome

A
  • subacromial space
  • humerus
  • glenoid
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34
Q

participants in sports that emphasize _____ ____ movements have a high risk of impingement injury

A

overhead arm

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35
Q

S&S of impingement syndrome

A 
pain with abduction & external rotation;
strength loss;
pain when abducted beyond 80-90 degrees;
nocturnal pain;
pain felt deep within shoulder
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36
Q

1st aid for impingement syndrome

A
  • not practical –> chronic injury
  • rest, anti-inflammatory
  • modify activity
  • progressive strength train (PT)
  • in extreme cases: surgery (shave calcium deposits)
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37
Q

during _____ tendon inures, the long head of the ____ can be compressed within the subacromial space

A

biceps tendon injury

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38
Q

in biceps tendon injuries, the long head of the tendon may get _________

A

tendonitis

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39
Q

**bicep tendon injury MOI

A

violent force may subluxate the long head of the tendon from the bicipital groove (often called a SLAP lesion)

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40
Q

S&S of biceps tendon injury

A

painful abduction adduction external rotation of shoulder; resisted flexion/extension yields a popping sensation

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41
Q

1st aid for biceps tendon injury

A

overuse injury (no 1st aid); traumatic tendon subluxations –> immediate ice & compression;

42
Q

what should you do for long term biceps tendon injuries?

A

rest anti inflammatories & gradually progressive rehab (if symptoms persist, seek surgery)

43
Q

_______ _____ are common in sports and lead to _____ in the shoulder

A

external blows, contusions

44
Q

the ___ joint is well protected by muscles while the ___ and ____ joints are exposed

A

GH joint; AC, SC joints are exposed

45
Q

S&S of contusions of the shoulder

A

decreased ROM, discoloration/swelling, muscle spasm

46
Q

1st aid of shoulder contusion

A

ice, compression, sling & swathe, rest

47
Q

prevention techniques for injuries

A
  1. conditioning
  2. warm-up
  3. falling properly
  4. proper throwing technique
48
Q

bones of the elbow and forearm

A

radius ulna humerus

49
Q

3 joints of forearm

A

humeroulnar, humeroradial, proximal radioulnar

50
Q

the distal end of the ______ articulates with the carpal row

A

radius

51
Q

what two ligaments stabilize the elbow joint

A

ulnar & radial collateral ligaments

52
Q

which ligament stabilizes the radioulnar joint

A

annular ligament

53
Q

majority of upper arm injuries are…

A

contusions and fractures

54
Q

How does a contusion occur?

A

muscle tissue is compressed between skin & bone; repeated blows result in myositis ossificans traumatica

55
Q

what is myositis ossificans?

A

chronic inflammation of the muscle develops bone-like tissue within the muscle

56
Q

how fast does myositis ossificans develop?

A

develops over weeks / months; is often ignored during early stages

57
Q

S & S of myositis ossificans

A

recent history of contusion; pain swelling discoloration; strength or sensation loss; muscle spams

58
Q

first aid for myositis ossificans

A

RICE; sling; physician if over 72 hours

59
Q

MOI for tricep injuries

A

direct blow or fall in outstretched arm or hand (either can result in partial or complete tear of muscle or tendon)

60
Q

sports where tricep injuries are most common?

A

weight lifting, power lifting, alpine skiing, vball

61
Q

S&S of tricep injuries

A

popping in humerus, pain, discoloration, visible defect, swelling

62
Q

First aid for tricep injuries

A

immobilize, physician, ice & compression (minor)

63
Q

fractures of the upper arm are rare but may be associated with activities that involve ….

A

collisions or high speed falls

64
Q

S&S of upper arm fractures

A

pain, deformity, function & sensory loss (radial nerve), spasms, pop noise,

65
Q

First aid for upper arm fractures

A

immediate ice & compression, splint, monitor pulse/sensation changes, sling & swathe, treat for shock, medical emergency

66
Q

how many joint in the elbow are bound together by ligaments

A

3

67
Q

MOI for elbow sprains & injuries

A

falling backward with elbow locked in extension, hypertension, hyperextension; falling on fully flexed or extended arm

68
Q

_____ ______ constitute extreme elbow sprains

A

elbow dislocations

69
Q

S&S of elbow injuries

A

deformity in dislocations, loss of function, pain, swelling, difficulty in gripping, neurological symptoms possible

70
Q

1st aid for elbow injuries

A

ice, compression, sling & swathe bandage, monitor pulse, treatment for shock, summon EMS

71
Q

S&S of elbow fracture

A

recent elbow trauma, deformity (displaced fracture), pain & dysfunction, swelling, blood supply compromised if arm is cold & clammy,

72
Q

_____ epicondyle us the attachment site of the forearm flexor and ulnar collateral ligament

A

medial epicondyle

73
Q

______ epicondyle is the attachment site of the forearm extensor & radial collateral ligaments

A

lateral

74
Q

what type of sports place great stress on epicondylar region

A

those that require gripping with wrist movements

75
Q

what two sports injuries are associated with the flexors and medial humeral epicondyle?

A
  1. little league elbow (in pitching)

2. golfers elbow

76
Q

what injury is associated with the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle injury?

A

tennis elbow

77
Q

MOI for epicondylitis of the elbow

A

excessive use, poor technique, change in material, equipment “too small,” grip too tight, muscle imbalance in shoulder

78
Q

S&S of epicondylitis of the elbow

A

pain/swelling on 1 or both condyles, pain w/ activity, radiating pain to forearms, epicondylar pain with resisted wrist movements

79
Q

1st aid for elbow epicondylitis

A

PRICE for pain, correct potential causes, refer to physician if pain is persistent

80
Q

external blows from the elbow are common (contusions) & the majority result in temporary symptoms such as…

A

swelling around olecranon, pain/stiffness, elevated skin temp, joint signs of internal hemorrhage

81
Q

repeated irritation (instead of 1 traumatic event) to the olecranon process of the elbow leads to _____ _____ instead of a contusion

A

olecranon bursitis

82
Q

1st aid for olecranon contusions

A

ice, minor compression, use padding for protection (prevents repeated damage) –> for recurrent bursitis refer to a physician

83
Q

what are the bones of the wrist??

A

ulna, radius, 8 carpal bones

84
Q

what are the joints of the wrist??

A

radiocarpal, distal radioulnar, intercarpal, midcarpal

85
Q

what stabilizes the wrist?

A

the ligaments (on all 4 sides)

86
Q

what type of joint is the wrist?

A

condyloid (flexion/extension abduction/adduction)

87
Q

Although the wrist has many muscles involved what are the 2 categories ?

A

flexors & extensors

88
Q

the tendons of the wrist are held in place by the ______ . what is this ligamentous structure called?

A

retinaculum (horizontal tissue); transverse carpal ligament

89
Q

major vessels and nerves pass through the ______ _____ ______ of the wrist. What are they?

A

transverse carpal ligament;

  1. ulnar & radial arteries & veins
  2. ulnar median & radian nerve
90
Q

what makes up the floor & roof of the carpal tunnel ?

A

floor: carpal bones
roof: transverse carpal ligament

91
Q

the carpal tunnel contains what structures?

A

8 flexor tendons & the median nerve

92
Q

most injuries to the wrist are acute, and are ..

A

contusion, fractures, sprains & strains

93
Q

some injuries to the wrist are classified as chronic and are…

A

tendonitis & carpal tunnel

94
Q

what is a typical acute injury to the wrist?

A

wrist fracture; fracture to the scaphoid bone (tend to occur at the “waist” of the bone)

95
Q

wrist fractures are common in which sport

A

football blocking

96
Q

is a deformity present in wrist fractures?

A

no

97
Q

S&S of wrist fractures

A

trauma with popping sensation, scaphoid affected, pain with movement, wrist feels locked, positive snuffbox test

98
Q

1st aid for wrist fractures

A

PRICE; splint, sling & swathe, leave fingers exposed for monitoring circulation, refer to physician

99
Q

What is a colle’s fracture ?

A

damage to the distal radius –> many think they fractures their wrist when in fact they fractured their forearm

100
Q

a colle’s fracture is an example of a ______ forearm fracture & is ____ in sport

A

distal; rare

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