Exam 2 Flashcards
most common upper body injury in this region (1/3)
fractured clavicle
MOI for fractured clavicle?
falling with arms outstretched
what is the adolescent form of a fractured clavicle known as?
greenstick fracture (incomplete)
a fractured clavicle possesses a potential danger to _______ and ________ structures & should be treated by a physician
neural, vascular
signs and symptoms of a fractured clavicle
swelling, pain, tenderness, deformity, discoloration, held arm
First aid methods for fractured clavicle
treat for shock
apply ice
immobilize
swath & bandage
uncommon injury normally a result of a direct blow
fractured scapula
S &S of fractured scapula
- less clear than clavicle;
considerable pain, severe blow, function loss
Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries MOI
downward blow to the lateral shoulder or falling on outstretched arm
AC joint injuries include ____ and ____ ligaments
AC and CC ligaments
injury severity for the AC joint injury is graded on damage to the _____. explain.
ligament; 1st degree sprain, 2nd degree sprain, 3rd degree sprain, etc.
this injury is involved in 40% of shoulder injuries
AC joint injury
S&S of AC joint injuries
swelling, tenderness, painful shoulder movement, (3rd degree: pop heard with visible deformity)
First aid for AC joint injury
shock treatment, (p)rice, immobilize (sling & swathe), refer to physician (not EMS)
SC joint injuries MOI
external blow to the shoulder resulting in dislocating of proximal clavicle; most common with clavicle moving anteriorly and superiorly
the SC joint is supported by several _________
ligaments
the SC joint is formed by the union of the ______ end of the _____ and ______ of the _______
proximal clavicle; manubrium of the sternum
S&S of SC joint injury
gross deformity of joint, swelling & pain, snapping or tearing sensations, individual holds their arm
1st aid for SC joint injury
shock, ice, compression, bandage & sling, physician referral
GH joint injury MOI
abducted, externally rotated arm stressing GH ligament.
most common type of GH joint injury is anterior ________, ______, or complete ________
dislocation, subluxation or complete dislocation
S&S for GH joint injury (dislocation)
deformity, down/sloping shoulder, abnormally long arm, humeral head palpable, unable to touch opp. shoulder
S&S for GH joint injury (subluxation)
GH joint may appear normal, painful to move, point tenderness
first aid for GH joint injury
should, apply ice, immobilize, do not reduce, refer to physician
GH joint injuries tend to be _____ and ______. Surgical treatment may be necessary
chronic, reoccur
any _____ of the shoulder can suffer a ____. Most common?
muscle, strain. most common: rotator cuff strain
MOI rotator cuff strains
errors in throw or swing (especially the follow through) contribute to over use injury
rotator cuff muscles contribute to ____ _____ stability plus abduction and rotation
GH joint
S&S rotator cuff strains
pain within shoulder especially during follow through; difficulty bringing arm back during “cocking” phase of the throw; pain & stiffness of shoulder 24 hours after activity; point tenderness
1st aid for rotator cuff strains
not practical (injury is chronic); RICE for pain; medical referral; rehabilitation (strength & flexibility)
what is “impingement syndrome” ?
when bursae/tendon is squeezed between moving structures
in impingement cases affecting the GH joint, the tendon of the ________ ______ is commonly impinged
supraspinatus muscle
any condition that decreases the size of the ______ _____ or causes poor alignment of the ______ with the ____ fossa may result in impingement syndrome
- subacromial space
- humerus
- glenoid
participants in sports that emphasize _____ ____ movements have a high risk of impingement injury
overhead arm
S&S of impingement syndrome
pain with abduction & external rotation; strength loss; pain when abducted beyond 80-90 degrees; nocturnal pain; pain felt deep within shoulder
1st aid for impingement syndrome
- not practical –> chronic injury
- rest, anti-inflammatory
- modify activity
- progressive strength train (PT)
- in extreme cases: surgery (shave calcium deposits)
during _____ tendon inures, the long head of the ____ can be compressed within the subacromial space
biceps tendon injury
in biceps tendon injuries, the long head of the tendon may get _________
tendonitis
**bicep tendon injury MOI
violent force may subluxate the long head of the tendon from the bicipital groove (often called a SLAP lesion)
S&S of biceps tendon injury
painful abduction adduction external rotation of shoulder; resisted flexion/extension yields a popping sensation
1st aid for biceps tendon injury
overuse injury (no 1st aid); traumatic tendon subluxations –> immediate ice & compression;
what should you do for long term biceps tendon injuries?
rest anti inflammatories & gradually progressive rehab (if symptoms persist, seek surgery)
_______ _____ are common in sports and lead to _____ in the shoulder
external blows, contusions
the ___ joint is well protected by muscles while the ___ and ____ joints are exposed
GH joint; AC, SC joints are exposed
S&S of contusions of the shoulder
decreased ROM, discoloration/swelling, muscle spasm
1st aid of shoulder contusion
ice, compression, sling & swathe, rest
prevention techniques for injuries
- conditioning
- warm-up
- falling properly
- proper throwing technique
bones of the elbow and forearm
radius ulna humerus
3 joints of forearm
humeroulnar, humeroradial, proximal radioulnar
the distal end of the ______ articulates with the carpal row
radius
what two ligaments stabilize the elbow joint
ulnar & radial collateral ligaments
which ligament stabilizes the radioulnar joint
annular ligament
majority of upper arm injuries are…
contusions and fractures
How does a contusion occur?
muscle tissue is compressed between skin & bone; repeated blows result in myositis ossificans traumatica
what is myositis ossificans?
chronic inflammation of the muscle develops bone-like tissue within the muscle
how fast does myositis ossificans develop?
develops over weeks / months; is often ignored during early stages
S & S of myositis ossificans
recent history of contusion; pain swelling discoloration; strength or sensation loss; muscle spams
first aid for myositis ossificans
RICE; sling; physician if over 72 hours
MOI for tricep injuries
direct blow or fall in outstretched arm or hand (either can result in partial or complete tear of muscle or tendon)
sports where tricep injuries are most common?
weight lifting, power lifting, alpine skiing, vball
S&S of tricep injuries
popping in humerus, pain, discoloration, visible defect, swelling
First aid for tricep injuries
immobilize, physician, ice & compression (minor)
fractures of the upper arm are rare but may be associated with activities that involve ….
collisions or high speed falls
S&S of upper arm fractures
pain, deformity, function & sensory loss (radial nerve), spasms, pop noise,
First aid for upper arm fractures
immediate ice & compression, splint, monitor pulse/sensation changes, sling & swathe, treat for shock, medical emergency
how many joint in the elbow are bound together by ligaments
3
MOI for elbow sprains & injuries
falling backward with elbow locked in extension, hypertension, hyperextension; falling on fully flexed or extended arm
_____ ______ constitute extreme elbow sprains
elbow dislocations
S&S of elbow injuries
deformity in dislocations, loss of function, pain, swelling, difficulty in gripping, neurological symptoms possible
1st aid for elbow injuries
ice, compression, sling & swathe bandage, monitor pulse, treatment for shock, summon EMS
S&S of elbow fracture
recent elbow trauma, deformity (displaced fracture), pain & dysfunction, swelling, blood supply compromised if arm is cold & clammy,
_____ epicondyle us the attachment site of the forearm flexor and ulnar collateral ligament
medial epicondyle
______ epicondyle is the attachment site of the forearm extensor & radial collateral ligaments
lateral
what type of sports place great stress on epicondylar region
those that require gripping with wrist movements
what two sports injuries are associated with the flexors and medial humeral epicondyle?
- little league elbow (in pitching)
2. golfers elbow
what injury is associated with the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle injury?
tennis elbow
MOI for epicondylitis of the elbow
excessive use, poor technique, change in material, equipment “too small,” grip too tight, muscle imbalance in shoulder
S&S of epicondylitis of the elbow
pain/swelling on 1 or both condyles, pain w/ activity, radiating pain to forearms, epicondylar pain with resisted wrist movements
1st aid for elbow epicondylitis
PRICE for pain, correct potential causes, refer to physician if pain is persistent
external blows from the elbow are common (contusions) & the majority result in temporary symptoms such as…
swelling around olecranon, pain/stiffness, elevated skin temp, joint signs of internal hemorrhage
repeated irritation (instead of 1 traumatic event) to the olecranon process of the elbow leads to _____ _____ instead of a contusion
olecranon bursitis
1st aid for olecranon contusions
ice, minor compression, use padding for protection (prevents repeated damage) –> for recurrent bursitis refer to a physician
what are the bones of the wrist??
ulna, radius, 8 carpal bones
what are the joints of the wrist??
radiocarpal, distal radioulnar, intercarpal, midcarpal
what stabilizes the wrist?
the ligaments (on all 4 sides)
what type of joint is the wrist?
condyloid (flexion/extension abduction/adduction)
Although the wrist has many muscles involved what are the 2 categories ?
flexors & extensors
the tendons of the wrist are held in place by the ______ . what is this ligamentous structure called?
retinaculum (horizontal tissue); transverse carpal ligament
major vessels and nerves pass through the ______ _____ ______ of the wrist. What are they?
transverse carpal ligament;
- ulnar & radial arteries & veins
- ulnar median & radian nerve
what makes up the floor & roof of the carpal tunnel ?
floor: carpal bones
roof: transverse carpal ligament
the carpal tunnel contains what structures?
8 flexor tendons & the median nerve
most injuries to the wrist are acute, and are ..
contusion, fractures, sprains & strains
some injuries to the wrist are classified as chronic and are…
tendonitis & carpal tunnel
what is a typical acute injury to the wrist?
wrist fracture; fracture to the scaphoid bone (tend to occur at the “waist” of the bone)
wrist fractures are common in which sport
football blocking
is a deformity present in wrist fractures?
no
S&S of wrist fractures
trauma with popping sensation, scaphoid affected, pain with movement, wrist feels locked, positive snuffbox test
1st aid for wrist fractures
PRICE; splint, sling & swathe, leave fingers exposed for monitoring circulation, refer to physician
What is a colle’s fracture ?
damage to the distal radius –> many think they fractures their wrist when in fact they fractured their forearm
a colle’s fracture is an example of a ______ forearm fracture & is ____ in sport
distal; rare
