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Assessment > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Baldness or hair loss

A

Alopecia

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2
Q

Circular shape to skin lesion

A

Annular

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3
Q

Elevated cavity containing free fluid larger than 1 cm diameter
larger than a vesicle

A

Bulla

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4
Q

Skin lesions that run together

A

Confluent

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5
Q

Thick, dried out exudate left on skin when vesicles/pustules burst or dry up

A

Crust

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6
Q

Dusky, blue color to the skin or mucous membranes due to increased amount of unoxygenated hemoglobin

A

Cyanosis

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7
Q

Scooped out, shallow depression in the skin

A

Erosion

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8
Q

Intense redness of the skin due to excess blood in dilated superficial capillaries, as in fever or inflammation

A

Erythema

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9
Q

Self inflicted abrasion on skin due to scratching

scabies

A

Excoriation

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10
Q

Linear crack in skin extending into dermis

A

Fissure

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11
Q

Boil, suppurative inflammatory skin lesion due to infected hair follicle

A

Furuncle

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12
Q

Skin lesions due to benign proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis

A

Hemangioma

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13
Q

Target shape of skin lesions, looks like an

A

Iris- also with target shape skin lesions get tested for lime disease because this is what tick bites will look like

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14
Q

A yellow color to the skin, palate, and sclera due to excess bilirubin in the blood

A

Jaundice

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15
Q

Hypertrophic scar, elevated beyond site of original injury

A

Keloid

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16
Q

Tightly packed set of papules that thickens skin, from prolonged intense scratching

A

Lichenification

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17
Q

Benign fatty tumor

A

Lipoma

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18
Q

Softening of tissue by soaking

A

Maceration

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19
Q

Flat skin lesion with only a color change

A

Macule

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20
Q

Circumscribed skin lesion due to excess melanocytes

Mole

A

Nevus

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21
Q

Elevated skin lesion, greater than 1 cm diameter

A

Nodule

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22
Q

Excessively pale, whitish pink color to lightly pigmented skin

A

Pallor

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23
Q

Papable skin lesion, less than 1 cm diameter

A

Papule

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24
Q

Skin lesion in which papules coalesce or come together

A

Plaque

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25
Q

Itching

A

Pruritis

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26
Q

Red-purple skin lesion due to blood in tissues from breaks in blood vessels

A

Purpura (another type of petechaie or bruising)

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27
Q

Elevated cavity containing thick turbid fluid, a cyst with a lot of drainage (cysts are just encapsulated)

A

Pustule

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28
Q

Compact desiccated flakes of skin from shedding of dead skin cells

A

Scale

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29
Q

Skin lesion due to permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible

A

Telangiectasia

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30
Q

Sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue that causes a deep depression in skin, extending to the dermis

A

Ulcer

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31
Q

Elevated cavity containing free fluid build up to 1 cm diameter

A

Wheal

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32
Q

Linear shape of skin lesion along a nerve route
Herpes
Shingles

A

Zosteriform

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33
Q

The largest organ and its layers…

A

The skin
Outer layer: epidermis, contains inner basal layer and horny cell layer
Middle layer: dermis, contains collagen and connective tissue
Inner layer: subcutaneous layer, contains adipose tissue made up of lobules of fat cells

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34
Q

Structures in the epidermal layer..

A

Hair: vellus(fine) and terminal(dark, thick, on head)
Sebaceous glands: produce sebum (secreted in hair follicles) decrease in their function can cause dry skin
Sweat glands
–Eccrine glands: clear sweat
–Apocrine glands: milky in the axillary area
Nails: hard plates of keratin

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35
Q

What are the functions of the skin

A

Protect against infection
Perception: nerves, feeling, sensing
Regulate temperature: by sweating and also from adipose tissues in subQ layer
Identification from others
Communication: turn certain colors with certain feelings
Repair lesions
Absorbs vitamin D

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36
Q

Skin conditions specific to black patients

A

Keloids
Pigmentary disorders
Pseudofolliculitis
Melasma

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37
Q

Variables that could influence skin color

A 
Emotional states
Temperature
Smoking cigarettes
Prolonged elevation of extremities
Extremities in a dependent position
Prolonged inactivity
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38
Q

Where should you assess the skin during an examination

A

Inspect the body as a whole
Look at skin tone & color
Look between places: breasts abdominal folds
Always inspect feet, toenails, in between toes, heels, and butt

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39
Q

What causes a change in skin temperature?

A

Hypothermia

Hyperthermia

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40
Q

What causes a change in skin moisture?

A

Diaphoresis (sweating)

Dehydration

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41
Q

What causes a change in skin texture?

A

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

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42
Q

What causes a change in skin mobility/turgor?

A

Edema (swelling) and dehydration

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43
Q

What are primary lesions?

A

They develop suddenly on unaltered skin

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44
Q

What are secondary lesions?

A

They occur after the primary lesion, from itching/scratching, infection, etc.

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45
Q

What are danger signs for melanoma?

A 
ABCDE
asymmetry
border irregularity
color
diameter greater than 6mm
elevated/enlarged
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46
Q

Gyrate lesions look like..

A

twists or coils

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47
Q

Discrete lesions look like..

A

pimples

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48
Q

Groups of wheals..

A

Uticaria

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49
Q

Blisters can be early signs of..

A

Chicken pox

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50
Q

Elevated cavity containing free fluid up to 1 cm diameter, bulla’s are larger

A

Vesicle

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51
Q

Where scars have grown over so now it looks like an exaggerated scar

A

Keloid

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52
Q

What are the 3 types of hemangiomas

A 
Port wine stain (nevus flammeus)
Strawberry mark (immature hemangioma)
Cavernous hemangioma (mature)
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53
Q

What are the 2 types of telangiectases

A

Spider vein or star angioma

Venous lake

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54
Q

What are the 2 types of bruises

A

Hematoma (bruise you can feel)

Contusion (bruise)

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55
Q

What is tinea?

A

Ringworm

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56
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

It has a silver color to it

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57
Q

Most common skin cancer

Occurs to mostly sun exposed areas (forehead, arms, hands)

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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58
Q

Usually causes red scaly patches
A central ulcer with surrounding redness
More fast growing
Hands and head

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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59
Q

Usually has jagged edges or poorly defined borders
Color variations
Elevated and beginning to enlarge
Usually arises from other prexisting moles
Trunk, back, legs, palms, soles, nail bed

A

Malignant melanoma

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60
Q

The name for cancer cells when it starts to spread to other areas of the skin

A

Metastic malignant melanoma

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61
Q

Bacterial infection of the nail where it gets red, swollen, and tender

A

Paronychia

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62
Q

A fungal infection mostly on the toes

A

Onycholysis

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63
Q

Blowing, swooshing sound heard through the stethoscope over an area of abnormal blood flow

A

Bruit

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64
Q

Difficulty swallowing

A

Dysphagia

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65
Q

Increase in size of the thyroid gland that occurs with hyperthyroidism

A

Goiter

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66
Q

Enlargement of the lymph nodes due to infection, allergy, or neoplasm

A

Lymphadenopathy

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67
Q

Abnormally large head

A

Macrocephalic

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68
Q

Abnormally small head

A

Microcephalic

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69
Q

Round symmetric skull that is appropriate to body size

A

Normocephalic

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70
Q

Head tilt due to shortening or spasm of one sternomastoid muscle

A

Torticollis

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71
Q

Illusionary sensation of either the room or one’s own body spinning, it is not the same as dizziness

A

Vertigo

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72
Q

The major neck muscles are the..

A

Sternomastoid & Trapezius

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73
Q

Medications that can cause intense headaches

A

Nitroglycerin causes intense headaches

Narcotics such as vicadin and morphine cause pretty good headaches

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74
Q

What do hyperthyroid patients have specifically relating to the eys

A

Bulging of the eyes

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75
Q

This can also be referred to as your immune system and consists of clear watery fluid and nodes of lymph tissue that use the clear liquid to engulf pathogens and keep them from making you sick

A

Lymphatic system

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76
Q

What is happening when your lymph nodes are enlarged, tender, warm to touch, moveable, maybe a little firm

A

Body is fighting acute infection

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77
Q

What is happening when your lymph nodes are beginning to clump together, might also experience neck stiffness and headaches

A

Your body is fighting chronic infection which leads to the clumping of nodes

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78
Q

What is it when your lymph nodes are not tender, they are very firm/hard and fixed to their position, can be greater than 3cm and matted together

A

This is seen in cancerous cells

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79
Q

Localized bone disease where it softens, thickens, and deforms bones

A

Paget’s disease of bones (osteitis deformans)

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80
Q

Excessive secretion of growth hormones from pituitary after puberty
Elongated head, massive face, prominent nose and lower jaw, heavy eye brow ridge, coarse facial features

A

Acromegaly

81
Q

What happens to the aging adult with head, face, and neck regions?

A 
Head tremors
Aging teeth (no teeth may make face look sunken in)
Concave or curved neck (kyphosis)
Slow ROM
Droopy submandibular glands
82
Q

What are the changes in an aging adult related to skin?

A

There will be a delay in healing (diabetics take longer to heal than normal) check for a history of diabetes
Changes in feet, strength, fall risks
Dry skin, are they using extra lotion?

83
Q

End of stages of cancer
Face looks sunken in
Malnourished
Anorexic and bulimic patients

A

Cachectic appearance

84
Q

Adaption of the eye for near vision by increasing the curvature of the lens

A

Accommodation

85
Q

Unequal pupil size

A

Anisocoria

86
Q

Gray white arc or circle around the limbus of the iris that is common with aging

A

Arcus senilis

87
Q

Pupil does not react to light, does constrict with accommodation

A

Argyll Robertson pupil

88
Q

Refractive error of vision due to differences in curvature in refractive surfaces of the eye (cornea and lens)

A

Astigmatism

89
Q

Crossing paths of an artery and vein in the ocular fundus

A

A-V Crossing

90
Q

Loss of both temporal visual fields

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia

91
Q

Inflammation of the glands and eyelash follicles along the margin of the eyelids

A

Blepharitis

92
Q

Opacity of the lens of the eye that develops slowly with aging and gradually obstructs vision

A

Cataract

93
Q

Infection or retention cyst of a meibomian gland, showing as a beady nodule on the eyelid

A

Chalazion

94
Q

Infection of the conjunctiva “pinkeye”

A

Conjunctivitis

95
Q

Abnormal soft exudates visible as gray-white areas on the ocular fundus

A

Cotton wool area

96
Q

Ratio of the width of the physiologic cup to the width of the optic disc, normally half or less

A

Cup disc ratio

97
Q

Unit of strength of the lens settings on the ophthalmoscope that changes focus on the eye structures

A

Diopter

98
Q

Double vision

A

Diplopia

99
Q

Benign deposits on the ocular fundus that show as round yellow dots and occur commonly with age

A

Drusen

100
Q

Lower eyelid loose and rolling outward

A

Ectropion

101
Q

Lower eyelid rolling inward

A

Entropion

102
Q

Protruding eyeballs

A

Exophthalmos

103
Q

Area of keenest vision at the center of the macula on the ocular fundus

A

Fovea

104
Q

A group pf eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure

A

Glaucoma

105
Q

Red, painful pustule that is localized infection of hair follicle at eye lid margin (stye)

A

Hordeolum

106
Q

The abnormal finding of round red dots on the ocular fundus that are localized dilations of small vessels

A

Microaneurysm

107
Q

Constricted pupils

A

Miosis

108
Q

Dilated pupils

A

Mydriasis

109
Q

“Nearsighted” refractive error in which near vision is better than far vision

A

Myopia

110
Q

Involuntary rapid rhythmic movement of the eyeball

A

Nystagmus

111
Q

Oculus dexter, or right eye

A

OD

112
Q

Oculus sinister, or left eye

A

OS

113
Q

Pallor of the optic disc due to partial or complete death of optic nerve

A

Optic atrophy

114
Q

Area of ocular fundus in which blood vessels exit and enter

A

Optic disc

115
Q

Stasis of blood flow out of the ocular fundus, sign of increased intracranial pressure

A

Papilledema

116
Q

Decrease in power of accommodation that occurs with aging

A

Presbyopia

117
Q

Triangular opaque tissue on the nasal side of the conjunctiva that grows toward the center of the cornea

A

Pterygium

118
Q

Drooping of upper eyelid over the iris and possibly covering pupil

A

Ptosis

119
Q

Red glow that appears to fill the person’s pupil when first visualized through the ophthalmoscope

A

Red reflex

120
Q

Disparity of the eye axis (squint, crossed eye)

A

Strabismus

121
Q

Soft, raised yellow plaques occurring on the skin at the inner corners of the eyes

A

Xanthelasma

122
Q

Describe the lacrimal system

A

Tear producing glands and a system set to drain those tears, keeps the eye moist which also keeps the eye healthy because it spreads tears/liquids over the eye each time you blink

123
Q

What does the outer layer of the eye consist of…

A

Sclera

Cornea

124
Q

What does the middle layer of the eye consist of…

A 
Choroid
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Anterior and posterior chambers
125
Q

What does the inner layer of the eye consist of…

A

Retina

Optic discs

126
Q

What happens to the eyes of an aging adult

A

They will be loose, droopy, drier

Most common vision problems will be due to cataract formation, glaucoma, and macular degeneration

127
Q

Outer fibrous rim encircling the eardrum

A

Annulus

128
Q

Congenital absence or closure of ear canal

A

Atresia

129
Q

Yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear canal

A

Cerumen

130
Q

Inner ear structure containing the central hearing apparatus

A

Cochlea

131
Q

Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows passage of air

A

Eustachian tube

132
Q

Superior posterior free rim of the pinna

A

Helix

133
Q

Anvil, middle of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear

A

Incus

134
Q

Hammer, first of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear

A

Malleus

135
Q

Bony prominence of the skull located just behind the ear

A

Organ of Corti

136
Q

Pain in the ear

A

Otalgia

137
Q

Inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal

Swimmers ear

A

Otitis externa

138
Q

Inflammation of the middle ear and tympanic membrane

A

Otitis media

139
Q

Discharge from the ear

A

Otorrhea

140
Q

Small, slack, superior section of tympanic membrane

A

Pars tensa

141
Q

Auricle or outer ear

A

Pinna

142
Q

Stirrup, inner of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear

A

Stapes

143
Q

Ringing in the ears

A

Tinnitus

144
Q

“Eardrum” thin, translucent, oval membrane that stretches across the ear canal and separates the middle ear from the outer ear
Should be flat, pulled in, and grey
If its bulging that means infection

A

Tympanic membrane

145
Q

Knob of the malleus that shows through the tympanic membrane

A

Umbo

146
Q

A spinning, twirling sensation

A

Vertigo

147
Q

What part of the ear provides equilibrium

A

Labyrinth

148
Q

Common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults between 20-40, gradual hardening that impedes the transmission of sound

A

Otosclerosis

149
Q

Gradual onset of hearing loss central neural loss over the years, compared to trauma hearing loss which is sudden
Elderly cant localize sounds, have a delayed reaction time, cant hear high frequency sounds

A

Presbycusis

150
Q

What characteristics of the ear will an aging adult have

A

Big ear lobes
Hairy ears
Tympanic membrane looks different
Presbycusis

151
Q

Placed surgically in children to equalize pressure and help with drainage

A

Tympanostomy tubes

152
Q

“Canker sores” small painful round ulcers in the oral mucosa of unknown cause

A

Aphthous ulcers

153
Q

Pertaining to the cheek

A

Buccal

154
Q

(Moniliasis) white, cheesy, curdlike patch on buccal mucosa due to superficial fungal infections

A

Candidiasis

155
Q

Decay in the teeth

A

Caries

156
Q

Red, scaling, shallow, painful fissures at corners of mouth

A

Cheilitis

157
Q

Closure of nasal cavity due to congenital septum between nasal cavity and pharynx

A

Choanal atresia

158
Q

Indentations on surface of tonsils

A

Crypts

159
Q

Non tender, fibrous nodule of the gum

A

Epulis

160
Q

Small isolated white or yellow papules on oral mucosa

A

Fordyce granules

161
Q

Red, swollen gum margins that bleed easily

A

Gingivitis

162
Q

“Cold sores” clear vesicles with red base that evolve into pustules usually at lip-skin junction

A

Herpes simplex

163
Q

Small, blue white spots with red halo over oral mucosa, early signs on measles

A

Koplik spots

164
Q

Chalky white thick raised patch on side of tongue, precancerous

A

Leukoplakia

165
Q

Upper or lower dental arches out of alignment

A

Malocclusion

166
Q

Rough, bumpy elevations on dorsal surface of the tongue

A

Papillae

167
Q

Pair of salivary glands in the cheeks in front of the ears

A

Parotid glands

168
Q

Inflammation of the throat

A

Pharyngitis

169
Q

Soft whitish debris on the teeth

A

Plaque

170
Q

Smooth gray nodules in the nasal cavity due to chronic allergic rhinitis

A

Polyps

171
Q

Red swollen inflammation of nasal mucosa

A

Rhinitis

172
Q

Oral candidiasis in the new born

A

Thrush

173
Q

1 of 3 bony projections into nasal cavity

A

Turbinate

174
Q

Free projection hanging down from the middle of the soft palate

A

Uvula

175
Q

What will you see in the nose mouth and throat of an aging adult

A

Lose sense of taste, add a lot of salt to things
Dry mouth
Tooth and gum erosion
Cancer

176
Q

Functional units of the lung, the thin walled chambers surrounded by networks of capillaries that are the site of respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen

A

Alveoli

177
Q

Cessation of breathing

A

Apnea

178
Q

Abnormal respiratory condition characterized by collapsed shrunken deflated section of alveoli

A

Atelectasis

179
Q

One of the smaller respiratory passageways into which the segmental bronchi divide

A

Bronchioles

180
Q

Inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive mucus secretion

A

Bronchitis

181
Q

The spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope which sounds soft, muffled, and indistinct over normal lung tissue

A

Bronchophony

182
Q

The normal breathing sound heard over major bronchi, characterized by moderate pitch and an equal duration of inspiration and expiration

A

Bronchovesicular

183
Q

The solidification of portions of lung tissue as it fills up with infectious exudate, as in pneumonia

A

Consolidation

184
Q

Rales.. abnormal discontinuous adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration

A

Crackles

185
Q

Coarse, crackling sensation palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from the lungs and enters the subcutaneous tissue

A

Crepitus

186
Q

The voice sound of eeeee heard through the stethoscope

A

Egophony

187
Q

COPD characterized by enlarged alveoli distal to terminal bronchioles

A

Emphysema

188
Q

Narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs

A

fissure

189
Q

Palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over the chest wall

A

Fremitus

190
Q

Coarse grating adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed

A

Friction rub

191
Q

Hypercarbia, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

A

Hypercapnia

192
Q

A type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Kussmaul respirations

193
Q

Ability to breath easily only in an upright position

A

Orthopnea

194
Q

Abnormal fluid between the layers of the pleura

A

Pleural effusion

195
Q

Low pitched musical snoring adventitious lung sound caused by airflow obstruction from secretion

A

Rhonchi

196
Q

The soft low pitched normal breath sound heard over peripheral lung fields

A

Vesicular

197
Q

High pitched musical squeaking adventitious lung sound

A

Wheeze

198
Q

sword shaped lower tip of the sternum

A

Xiphoid process

199
Q

What will you see in the thorax and lungs of an aging adult

A

Calcified rib cartilage
Rigid
Air movement
Post op complications

Assessment (11 decks)

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