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Dr. Longest Intro to Psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

All other nerve cells besides the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Neuron

A

Basic units of the nervous system

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

Short, branch-like appendages that detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons

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5
Q

Cell body (Soma)

A

The site in the neuron where information from other neurons is stored

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6
Q

Axon

A

Long narrow passageways that electrical impulses travel through

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7
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

Knoblike structures at the end of each axon that release chemicals into the synapse

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8
Q

Synapse

A

The site where chemical connections occur between neurons

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9
Q

Action Potential

A

The electrical signal that passes along the axon. Causes terminal buttons to release chemicals

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10
Q

Resting Membrane potential

A

The electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active

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11
Q

Relative Refractory period

A

The time after action potential where a neuron’s charge is slightly more negative which makes it harder to fire again

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12
Q

All or none Principle

A

States that a neuron fires with the same power every time

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13
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

A brief period of time after Action Potential where an ion channel is unable to open again

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14
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Encases and insulates the axon so that the impulses in the axon can travel faster.

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15
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The gaps in the myelin sheath

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substances that transmit signals from one neuron to another

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17
Q

Receptors

A

Specialized protein molecules located on the postsynaptic membrane that specifically respond to the chemical structure of the neurotransmitter available in the synapse

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18
Q

Reputake

A

When a neurotransmitter is taken back into the terminal buttons and used for recycling

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19
Q

Broca’s area

A

Small portion of the left front of the brain that is CRUCIAL FOR LANGUAGE

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20
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

a technique for measuring activity in the brain

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21
Q

PET scan

A

injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream and performing an X-ray to see what is affected and when

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22
Q

Functional Magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI)

A

measures changes in blood flow to see change in the brain

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23
Q

Transcranial Magnetic stimulation

A

Uses a very fast and powerful magnetic field to disrupt neural activity momentarily in a specific brain region

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24
Q

Split Brain

A

A condition that occurs when the corpus collosum is severed and the brain’s hemispheres cannot interact

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25
Q

Insula

A

Insular cortex - Part of the cerebral Cortex - Important for taste, pain, perception of bodily states, and empathy

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26
Q

Thalamus

A

the gateway to the brain - receives almost all sensory information

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27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

involved in the regulation of bodily functions - including, body temperature, blood sugar, and our basic motivated behaviors

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28
Q

Hippocampus

A

associated with the formation of new memories

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29
Q

Amygdala

A

serves a vital role in associating things with emotional responses, and in processing emotional information

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30
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

system of subcortical structures crucial for planning and producing movement

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31
Q

Brain Stem

A

an extension of the spinal cord, houses structures that control functions associated with survival, such as heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urinating, and orgasm

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32
Q

cerebellum

A

essential for coordinated movement and balance. a large convoluted protuberance connected to the back of the brain stem

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33
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

Transmits sensory signals to the central nervous system via nerves

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34
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

Regulates the body’s internal environment by stimulating glands and by maintaining internal organs

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35
Q

Sympathetic Nervous system

A

prepares the body for action

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36
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system

A

Calms the body down after there is action

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37
Q

endocrine system

A

Communication network that influences thoughts, behaviors, and actions

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38
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands

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39
Q

Pituitary gland

A

located at the base of the hypothalamus, controls the endocrine system by using siglnals

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40
Q

Plasticity

A

The ability to change in response to experience or injury

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41
Q

Gene Expression

A

Whether a particular gene is turned on or off

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42
Q

Chromosomes

A

structures made within the cell body made of DNA

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43
Q

Genes

A

the units that help determine an organism’s characteristics

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44
Q

Dominant gene

A

a gene that is expressed In the offspring whenever present

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45
Q

Recessive Gene

A

Gene that is only expressed when matched with the gene of another parent

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46
Q

Genotype

A

An organism’s Genetic makeup

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47
Q

Phenotype

A

is that organism’s observable physical characteristics and is always changing

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48
Q

Monozygotic Twins (Identical Twins)

A

Results from one zygote dividing into two

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49
Q

Dizygotic Twins (Fraternal Twins)

A

Result when two separately fertilized eggs develop in the mother’s womb simultaneously

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50
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring by means of genes

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51
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of the variation in some specific trait in a population as a whole, not an individual

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52
Q

Sensation

A

The detection of physical stimuli and the transmission of this info to the brain

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53
Q

Perception

A

The brain’s further processing organization and interpretation of sensory information

54
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Perception based on the physical features of the stimulus

55
Q

Top down processing

A

The interpretation of sensory information based on knowledge, expectations, and past experiences

56
Q

Transduction

A

The process by which sensory stimuli are converted to neural signals the brain can interpret

57
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation

58
Q

Difference Threshold

A

the smallest difference between two stimuli that you can notice

59
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

the theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a stimulus requires judgment

60
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

A decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

61
Q

Retina

A

The Thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball

62
Q

Rods`

A

Retinal Cells that respond to low levels of light and result in black and white perception

63
Q

Cones

A

Retinal cells that respond to high levels of light and result in color perception

64
Q

Fovea

A

The center of the retina where cones are densely packed

65
Q

Object Constancy

A

Correctly perceiving objects as constant in their shape size color and lightness despite raw sensory data

66
Q

Binocular Depth cues

A

Cues of depth perception that arise from the fact that people have two eyes

67
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Cues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone

68
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Because of the distance between the two eyes each eye receives a slightly different retinal image

69
Q

Convergence

A

When a person views a nearby object, the eye muscles turn the eye inward

70
Q

Motion Parallex

A

The object that are closer appear to move faster than the objects that are farther away

71
Q

Audition

A

Hearing

72
Q

Sound Wave

A

A pattern of changes in air pressure during a period of time. Produces a perception of a sound

73
Q

Eardrum

A

A thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear, sound waves cause it to vibrate

74
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Perception of balance determined by receptors in the inner ear

75
Q

Temporal coding

A

A mechanism for encoding low frequency auditory stimuli in which the firing rates of cochlear hair cells match the frequency of the sound wave

76
Q

Place coding

A

A mechanism for encoding the frequency of auditory stimuli in which the frequency of the sound wave is encoded by the location of the hair cells along the basilar muscle

77
Q

Gustation

A

Our sense of taste

78
Q

Olfaction

A

Our sense of smell

79
Q

Taste buds

A

Sensory organs in the mouth that contain the receptors for taste

80
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

A thin layer of tissue within the nasal cavity that contains the receptors for smell

81
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

The brain center for smell, located below the frontal lobes

82
Q

Haptic Sense

A

The sense of touch

83
Q

health Psychology

A

The application of psychological principles to promote health and well being

84
Q

Well being

A

A positive state that requires health and life satisfaction

85
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

An approach to psychological science that integrates biological factors psychological processes and social contextual factors in shaping human mental life and behavior

86
Q

health disparities

A

differences in health outcomes among different groups of people

87
Q

Immigrant Paradox

A

The pattern among immigrant communities in which foreign born immigrants to the US have better health than those who live in the US.

88
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

Relative standing in society as a function of resources such as income, wealth, and education

89
Q

Health Behaviors

A

Actions people can take to promote well-being and to prevent the onset of illness and disease

90
Q

Stress

A

A type of response that typically involves an unpleasant state such as anxiety or tension

91
Q

Stressor

A

Something that causes stress

92
Q

Coping Response

A

Any attempt made to avoid or minimize a stressor

93
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA Axis

A

A body system involved in stress responses

94
Q

Immune system

A

The body’s mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms such as allergens, bacteria etc.

95
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

A consistency pattern of responses to stress that consists of three stages, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

96
Q

Allostatic load

A

The way biological systems change after repeated or chronic stressful events

97
Q

Tend and befriend response

A

The tendency to protect and care for offspring and form social alliances rather than fight or flee in response to threat

98
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Specialized white blood class that make up the immune system. Includes B cells, T class, and natural killer cells

99
Q

Primary Appraisals

A

Part of the coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant

100
Q

Secondary Appraisals

A

Part of the coping process during which people evaluate their response options and choose coping behaviors

101
Q

Emotion Focused Coping

A

A type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor

102
Q

Problem Focused Coping

A

Coping where people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor

103
Q

Buffering Hypothesis

A

The idea that other people can provide direct emotional support in helping individuals cope with stressful events

104
Q

Antagonist

A

When a medicine binds to a receptor but does not activate it

105
Q

Agonist

A

When a medicine binds to a receptor and activate it

106
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Lobe responsible for vision, contains the Primary visual Cortex

107
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Processes visual information

108
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Responsible for touch

109
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

In the Parietal Lobe, helps to recognize touch and receive spatial information

110
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Responsible for hearing, includes the Primary auditory cortex

111
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

Planning, Complex thought. Houses the prefrontal cortex and the Primary motor cortex

112
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Planning and complex thought. In the Frontal Lobe

113
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Specialized for movement. In the prefrontal Cortex

114
Q

Trichromatic Color theory

A

Our brain can only see three colors, but these colors mix up so that we can see all the other colors

115
Q

Opponent processing theory

A

States that one color pair is the opposite of the other. (Flag Experiment)

116
Q

What are the Gestalt principles of organization?

A

Proximity, figure/ground, continuation, similarity, continuity, symmetry, closure, common fate, connectedness

117
Q

Proximity

A

Objects that are closer are perceived as being together

118
Q

Figure/ ground

A

Where humans can see things in the front, and the foreground (The faces and the cup)

119
Q

Continuation

A

Elements arranged on a line or curve are perceived as more related than elements not on the line or curve

120
Q

Similarity

A

when objects resemble each other in some way, our brain will group them

121
Q

Continuity

A

individual elements that are aligned with each other will appear more related

122
Q

Symmetry

A

Humans are more comfortable with symmetry

123
Q

Closure

A

we perceive elements as belonging to the same group if they seem to complete some entity

124
Q

Common Fate

A

We group things that are similar

125
Q

Connectedness

A

humans group elements when they are connected to each other

126
Q

Eustress

A

Positive Stress, Like having a baby or getting married

127
Q

Distress

A

Negative stressors

128
Q

Daily Hassle

A

Small stressors that could happen on a day to day basis

129
Q

Major life event

A

Major life stressor that causes stress

130
Q

What characteristics impact heart disease?

A

Anger and hostility

131
Q

Hardiness

A

the ability to endure difficult conditions

132
Q
A

Dr. Longest Intro to Psych (5 decks)

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