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Dr. Longest Intro to Psych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Psychology?

A

Psychology involves the study of thoughts, feelings, and behavior

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2
Q

Critical Thinking

A

evaluating information that we receive

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3
Q

Confirmation bias

A

People are inclined to overweigh evidence that agrees with them but they don’t think about evidence that disagrees

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4
Q

Seeing Casual Relationships that do not Exist

A

the misconception that if two events happen at the same time, they must be related

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5
Q

Accepting after the fact Explanations

A

Also known as (hindsight bias) Once we know the outcome, we say that we knew it would happen the way it did

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6
Q

Heuristics

A

A process or method of doing something

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7
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Thinking that an event os more likely to occur because it comes to mind easier

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8
Q

hypothesis Generation

A

Thinking of different Hypotheses for a certain example

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9
Q

Mind/ Body Problem

A

A question that early philosophers wrestled with. It states: Are the mind and Body separate or is the mind just the experience of brain activity

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10
Q

Dualism

A

(Rene Descartes) The idea that the Mind and Body are separate but intertwined

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11
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Area of Psych that seeks to understand, treat, and characterize mental illness

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12
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Laboratory Pscyh that seeks to understand the basic skill and processes in the brain and how they work

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13
Q

Cultural Psychology

A

Studies how cultural values (religion, school, family, etc.) can have profound effects on mental life

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14
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Studies how humans grow and develop as they grow up and age

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15
Q

Health Psychology

A

studies how Psychology interacts with physical and mental health

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16
Q

Industrial Organizational Psychology

A

Studies anything Psychological in the workplace

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17
Q

Close Relationship Psychologists

A

Study the relationships that we have In life

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18
Q

Social Personal Psychology

A

Studies the thoughts, feelings, and actions that are had/ made everyday

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19
Q

Human Genome

A

the basic genetic code or blueprint of the human body

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20
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of the ways that environmental factors can get in our minds to influence what we do

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21
Q

Behaviorism

A

the study of behavior without regarding mental thoughts or actions

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22
Q

Big Data Approach

A

Uses computer science, and AI to identify patterns in large sets of data

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23
Q

Data Ethics

A

discusses how much we can control the information about ourselves

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24
Q

Replicability

A

An experiment that if performed again, would have similar results to the first

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25
Q

Open Science Movement

A

Making research and studies more transparent and accessible to the public

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26
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

how our lives, brains, society, and influences affect us

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27
Q

Distributive Practice

A

Learning material in bursts over a long period of time

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28
Q

Retrieval based learning

A

Repeatedly recalling content from memory makes that information stick better

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29
Q

Elaborative interrogation

A

Thinking through why a fact is true

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30
Q

Self Explanation

A

Reflecting on your learning processes and trying to make sense of new material in your own terms

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31
Q

Interleaved Practice

A

Switching between topics while studying instead of completing one topic before moving onto the next

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32
Q

What is the Difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?

A

In most states, only psychiatrists can prescribe medication, while psychologists offer mental health and research

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33
Q

Theory

A

An explanation or model of how a phenomenon works

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34
Q

What is the order of the scientific method?

A

Theory -> Hypothesis -> Research

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35
Q

False Positive

A

When a hypothesis is false, but the study produces a seemingly accurate result

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36
Q

HARKing

A

“Hypothesizing after the results are known”

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37
Q

p-hacking

A

Running statistical variations until one of them gives a trustworthy result

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38
Q

Preregistration

A

when researchers lay out their hypothesis on a website before they begin experimenting

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39
Q

Meta- Analysis

A

An analysis of multiple analysis’

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40
Q

Descriptive Research

A

involves observing behavior to describe that behavior

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41
Q

Case Study

A

A study that focuses on one person or a small group of people

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42
Q

Participant Observation

A

An observation where the researcher is involved in the observing

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43
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

The Observer is passive in the observation process

44
Q

Self- Report Methods

A

Samples, Surveys; Where the person answers for themself

45
Q

Correlational Studies

A

Examine how variables are naturally related in the real world, but not making any conclusions based on the results

46
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A number between -1.0 and 1.0 that indicates the strength of a relationship

47
Q

Third Variable problem

A

It is possible that there is a 3rd variable in a correlational study that may be causing the results

48
Q

Confound

A

Anything that affects a dependent variable and might unintentionally vary between the study’s different conditions

49
Q

Population

A

The group you ultimately want to know about

50
Q

Culturally Sensitive Research

A

Considers the role that culture plays in someone’s life

51
Q

Institutional review boards

A

A group that is responsible for monitoring research and enforcing ethics

52
Q

Experimentation Averse

A

When People want to receive an untested treatment rather than a randomized study to evaluate the effectiveness of the experiment

53
Q

Construct Validity

A

The extent to which a variable measures what it is supposed to measure

54
Q

External Validity

A

the degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized

55
Q

Internal Validity

A

The degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other people

56
Q

Reliability

A

The stability and consistency of a measure over time

57
Q

Accuracy

A

The amount that the data is error free

58
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

An overall summary of an experiments study results

59
Q

Central Tendency

A

Describes a typical response to the group as a whole

60
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

A set of procedures that enable researchers to decide whether differences between two or more groups are probably chance, or are true differences

61
Q

Bayesian Statics

A

A class of statistics that combines existing beliefs with new data to update the estimated likelihood that a belief is true

62
Q

Memory

A

The ability to store and retrieve information

63
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

People lose past memories

64
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

People lose the ability to form new memories

65
Q

H.M (Henry Molaison)

A

Suffered from Anterograde Amnesia after having surgery to help with seizures. Dr.s took out parts of his hippocampus

66
Q

Priming

A

The facilitation of a response to a stimulus based on past experience with that stimulus.

67
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Unconscious or unintentional Memory. Hard to explain

68
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory that is consciously retrieved

69
Q

Procedural Memory

A

A type of IMPLICIT memory that involves skills and habits

70
Q

Episodic Memory

A

A persons past memories and experiences

71
Q

Semantic Memory

A

A knowledge of concepts categories and FACTS independent of personal experience

72
Q

Encoding

A

The process by which the perception of a stimulus or event gets transformed into a memory

73
Q

Schema

A

Cognitive structures in semantic memory that help us perceive organize understand and use information

74
Q

Chunking

A

The process of breaking down units into meaningful units

75
Q

Mnemonics

A

Learning aids or strategies to improve memory

76
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Iconic and Echoic memory. Lasts for 0.2-0.3 seconds. Makes seeing and hearing fluid and understandable

77
Q

working memory

A

A system that temporarily stores and manipulates information for current use (20-30 seconds)

78
Q

Long Term Memory

A

The storage of information that lasts from minutes to forever

79
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

In a list, some items will be easier to remember based on where they are in the list

80
Q

Primacy effect

A

If an item is at the start of a list, it is easier to remember

81
Q

Recency Effect

A

If an item is near the end of a list, it will be easier to remember

82
Q

Consolidation

A

The gradual process of memory storage in the brain

83
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Vivid Episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event

84
Q

Retrieval cue

A

Anything that helps a human or animal to retrieve information

85
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to do something at some future time

86
Q

Retrieval Induced Forgetting

A

Impairment of the ability to recall an item in the future after retrieving a related item from long term memory

87
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information

88
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New information inhibits the ability to remember old information

89
Q

Blocking

A

When a person is temporarily unable to remember something

90
Q

Absentmindedness

A

A shallow encoding of events because of distraction, or not paying attention

91
Q

Persistence

A

When unwanted memories are remembered despite the desire not to have them

92
Q

Memory Bias

A

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs knowledge or attitudes

93
Q

Source Misattribution

A

When people misremember the details and setting of an event

94
Q

Source Amnesia

A

When people have a memory of an event/ information, but cannot remember the source

95
Q

Cryptomnesia

A

When people think they have come up with a new idea but in reality have redone something and not given credit to the original source

96
Q

Suggestibility

A

People develop biased memories when provided with misleading information

97
Q

What are the three goals of Science?

A

Description, Explanation, Prediction

98
Q

What are the characteristics of a true experiment?

A

IV, DV, Random Assignment

99
Q

What is the purpose of a double blind study?

A

To ensure that there is no bias

100
Q

What are the ethical issues to consider in research?

A

Informed Consent, Confidentiality, Anonymity, deception, harm, etc.

101
Q

What are the three stages of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

102
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repeating something over and over again so you can remember it

103
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Using different encoding strategies to better remember information long term

104
Q

Reconsolidation

A

the process of replacing or disrupting a stored memory with a new version of the memory

105
Q

Encoding Specificity principle

A

the idea that memory retrieval is improved when the encoding context is the same as the retrieval context

Dr. Longest Intro to Psych (5 decks)

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