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exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

according to the s-r model of conditioning, the CS should elicit

A

the same response as the UR.

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2
Q

according to the s-s model of conditioning

A

the NS becomes associated with the US.

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3
Q

according to pavlov’s stimulus-substitution theory the dog salivates to the sound of a metronome because

A

the metronome acts as a substitute for the food.

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4
Q

according to preparatory -response theory of conditioning, the purpose of the ___ is to enable the organism to get ready for the ____

A

CR; US

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5
Q

according to the compensatory-response model of drug tolerance, in a conditioning trail in which cues are paired with drug administration, the US is _____ and the UR is ___

A

the primary effect of the drug on the body; the compensatory response to the primary effect

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6
Q

if the primary effect of a drug is to increase heart rate, the UR in a drug conditioning trial is

A

decrease in heart rate.

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7
Q

the compensatory-response model of conditioning predicts that it will be easier for someone to quit smoking

A

in an environment not related to smoking.

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8
Q

according to ____ theory , a given US can support only so much conditioning

A

Rescorla-Wagner

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9
Q

suppose a US supports a minimum associative value of 10. According to the rescorla wagner theory if one CS in a compound stimulus has acquired 7 units of associative value, the other CS will at most have acquired ___ units of associative value

A

3

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10
Q

a compound stimulus consists of a buzzer and a light flash each of which has 0 units of associative value. the compound stimulus is then repeatedly paired with a sweet drink that can support a maximum associative value of 15 units. following these paring, the buzzer has acquired 14 units of associative value which is a demonstration of _____

A

1; overshadowing

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11
Q

a compound stimulus consists of a click which already has 15 units of associative, and a scene which has 0 units of associative. this compound stimulus is the paired with a shock that can support a maximum value of 15 units. following these pairing the scent will likely have ___ units of associative value which is a demonstration of ____

A

0; blocking

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12
Q

in the watson rayner experiment with little albert the us was the

A

loud noise.

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13
Q

if we have an innate tendency to acquire conditioned fears through the observation of fearful reactions in others, then the lack of fear in others must be functioning as a

A

neutral stimulus.

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14
Q

researches have found that monkeys can develop fear reactions through observational learning when the feared object is a ___event

A

none of the above; observational learning does not occur in monkeys

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15
Q

after being bitten by a cat , shawn a occasionally encounters cats for brief periods of time, according to the process of ____ these encounters may ___ her fear of cats

A

incubation; reduce

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16
Q

although jolene was always slightly nervous while driving she became extremely frightened of driving after witnessing a terrible car accident. This is best described as an example of

A

US revaluation.

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17
Q

according to the process of ____ a persons reactivity to a fearful event could increase during a stressful event in his or her life

A

selective sensitization.

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18
Q

mary cover jones 1924 was able to eliminate peters rabbit phobia by

A

a) gradually moving the rabbit closer and closer.
b) pairing the presentation of the rabbit with cookies.
c) both a and b

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19
Q

ned found that if he ate cookies while thinking about his recurrent nightmare, the frequency and severity of those nightmares began to decrese. this appears to be an example of the process of

A

systematic desensitization.

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20
Q

the method of ____ involves paring relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear

A

systematic desensitization

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21
Q

for flooding to effective the period of exposure to the feared stimulus must be

A

relatively long.

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22
Q

forcing yourself to play a computer game to which you are addicted until are absolutely hate it is an example of

A

aversion therapy.

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23
Q

research revealed that patients who received chemotherapy in a hospital setting subsequently experienced a ___ immune response when they again visited the hospital. in this case the ___ would be classified as the CS

A

suppressed; hospital

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24
Q

in a placebo effect the little white pill functions as the ___ while the drug within it functions as the ___

A

CS; US

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25
Q

reflexive is to ____ conditioning as intentional is to ____ conditioning

A

a) classical; operant
b) operant; Pavlovian
c) instrumental; respondent.
d) both b and c are correct

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26
Q

the original law of effect stated that behaviors leading to an ____ are ____

A

satisfactory state of affairs; stamped in

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27
Q

maria gives her canary some food each time it flutters its wings. the food is a

A

reinforcer.

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28
Q

in correct order the three term contingency consists of

A

antecedent, behavior, and consequence.

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29
Q

when i banged on the heating pipes it stopped making noise the next time i heard that noise i immediately banged on the pipe this is an example of

A

negative reinforcement.

30
Q

when amir teased his sister she hugged him. he never teased her again. this seems to be an example of

A

positive punishment

31
Q

the use of punishment can be quite seductive in that its delivery is often followed by ___ for the person who delivered it

A

immediate positive reinforcement

32
Q

in general the more ____ the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on behavior

A

immediate

33
Q

extrinsic rewards are less likely to damage intrinsic interest when they are

A

verbal.

34
Q

a reinforcer that has been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior and is not common aspect of certain situation is called a ____ reinforcer

A

contrived

35
Q

the advantages of using a click or whistle as a secondary reinforcer during shaping include

A

a) it can be delivered immediately following the correct behavior.
b) the animal will not satiate upon it.
c) both a and b
d) neither a nor b

36
Q

each time the dog scratches at the door its owner lets it outside. in technical terms, this is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement

A

continuous

37
Q

rebecca finds that if she persistently pesters her mother to buy her a toy, she sometimes gets what she wants. rebeccas persisting behavior is being reinforced on a ___ schedule

A

intermittent

38
Q

earning 10 bucks for ever five people you sign up for a internet sales club is an example of what kind of schedule?

A

fixed ratio

39
Q

which of the following schedules would produce the longest pause after each reinforcement

A

FR 40

40
Q

on FR schedules, post reinforcement pauses

A

become longer as one stretches out the ratio.

41
Q

over a period of a few weeks, samuel changed from complying with every other request then every third request. the father’s behavior of making requests has been subjected to a procedure known as

A

stretching the ratio.

42
Q

ratio strain is a distruption in responding due to

A

an overly demanding schedule of reinforcement.

43
Q

suppose you are waiting for the 6pm news on TV, every so often you take a quick look at the clock to see if it is now 6pm. The frequency which which you look at the clock will most likely resemble the response pattern produced by what schedule of reinforcement?

A

fixed interval

44
Q

among the four basics intermittent schedules, fixed schedules are more likely to produce _____ than variable schedules, and ratio schedules are more likely to produce ____ than interval schedules

A

post-reinforcement pauses; higher rates of response

45
Q

if batty practices for one hour without a break, his mother allows him to watch television. this is an example of an ___ schedule

A

FI

46
Q

in a certain experiment, reinforcement is contingent upon each response being separated by at least a certain period of time. This sounds like a ____ schedule

A

DRL

47
Q

to ensure that a new qppretice will work carefully you would likely use a ____ schedule of reinforcement in their early training

A

DRL

48
Q

reg, who once worked as a lumberjack, claims to be effective at chopping wood with an ax, you have to work with a steady easy rythym. if you work too fast you quickly tire yourself out and end up getting little done. Thus reg would reinforce his sons for chopping wood on a ____ schedule.

A

DRP

49
Q

yesterday morning at the bus stop, joe just happened to be leaning against the bus stop sign when the bus finally arrived. This morning joe spent a lot of time leading on the sign. This is an example of a ____ behavior that has been reinforced on a ___ schedule

A

superstitious; VT

50
Q

alread throws sever temper tantrums in order to receive attention. this suggest the tantrums might be effectively by delivering on a ____ schedule

A

noncontingent

51
Q

in a ____ schedule the response requirement changes the function level of performance shown during responding for the previous reinforcer

A

adjusting

52
Q

In a chained schedule, the consequences for the early behaviors in the chain function as ____ that also serve as ____ for the next behavior.

A

secondary reinforcers; discriminative stimuli

53
Q
  1. According to ____, rather than saying that the child’s behavior was reinforced by a treat, we should instead say the child’s behavior was reinforced by eating a treat.
A

drive reduction theory

54
Q
  1. Karl plays cards for several hours a day, and spends only a few minutes studying. According to the Premack principle,
A

playing cards could be used as a reinforcer for studying.

55
Q
  1. Suppose a child typically spends two hours a day watching television. A parent then allows the child only 30 minutes of free television a day, as a result of which the child is now willing to work (e.g., clean up her room) to obtain more access to television. This example best describes
A

the response deprivation hypothesis.

56
Q
  1. A rat prefers to spend one hour wheel running and 30 minutes grooming per day. A contingency is now imposed in which it must spend 30 minutes grooming to obtain 30 minutes of access to the wheel. As a result, it will
A

be unable to reach its behavioral bliss point.

57
Q
  1. A temporary increase in the frequency and intensity of responding when extinction is first implemented is called
A

an extinction burst.

58
Q
  1. Karen is upset with her husband Rick, and as a result she is not laughing at his knock-knock jokes over dinner. Given what we know about the side effects of extinction, what might we expect Rick to do?
A

telling different types of jokes and becoming agitated are both possible

59
Q
  1. The reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had previously been effective in attaining reinforcement is known as
A

resurgence.

60
Q
  1. When Karen stopped paying attention to her daughter’s tantrums, they were pretty much gone by the end of the day. However, according to the process of _____, we might expect them to reappear the next morning.
A

spontaneous recovery

61
Q
  1. I ignore the dog when it barks; I feed the dog when it is doing anything other than barking. This is an example of a _____ procedure.
A

DRO

62
Q
  1. Theresa and Max are each attempting to eliminate the behavior whining for attention in their daughters. Theresa ignores her daughter when she is whining. Max responds to whining with the statement “I’ll talk to you when you can speak to me politely.” He then ignores any subsequent whining. Theresa is using a(n) ____________ procedure while Max is using _____________________.
    a) extinction; systematic correction
A

extinction; functional communication training

63
Q
  1. The term stimulus control refers to the
A

the reliable occurrence of a behavior in the presence of an SD.

64
Q
  1. A relatively steep generalization gradient indicates
A

LESS GENERALIZATION

65
Q
  1. According to the peak shift effect, the peak of a generalization gradient shifts from the _____ to a stimulus that is further removed from the _____.
A

SD; S∆

66
Q
  1. A _____ schedule consists of two or more independent schedules presented in sequence, each with its own SD and each resulting in a reinforcer
A

multiple

67
Q
  1. On a Multiple FI 20-sec VI 60-sec schedule of reinforcement, the first component is changed to an FI 200-sec schedule. As a result, the rate of response on the VI 60-sec schedule will likely
A

increase.

68
Q
  1. Important aspects of errorless discrimination training include
A

the S∆ is introduced early in training.

69
Q
  1. Errorless discrimination training as a training tool for education should probably be restricted to subject matter that is
A

unlikely to be modified at a later point in time.

70
Q
  1. Your parrot often squawks for hours at a time. A stimulus control procedure for eliminating this tendency is to
A

reinforce squawking only when you provide a signal for the bird to do so.

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