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Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two pathways for chemoorganotrophic fueling?

A

Respiration and Fermentation

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2
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

O2 is the electron acceptor

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Electron acceptors include NO3-, SO4 2-. CO2, Fe3+, and SeO4 2-

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4
Q

What process includes the electron transport chain leading to a proton motor force (PMF) that is used to synthesize ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

which pathway requires an electron transport chain to generate Proton Motive Force (PMF)?

A

Respiration

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6
Q

Is there PMF involvement in Fermentation?

A

no, the electrons go directly to endogenous acceptors

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7
Q

What is an example of an endogenous electron acceptor?

A

Pyruvate

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8
Q

How many carbons does Pyruvate have?

A

3

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9
Q

What are the three stages of aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Large nutrient molecules broken down to their constituent parts
  2. constituent parts further oxidized/degraded
  3. Partially oxidized products are fully oxidized to CO2 to produce NADH, FADH2, and a large yield of ATP
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10
Q

Organizing principles of Respiration

A
  • A wide variety of molecules get funneled into a few metabolic intermediates
  • The product of one reaction serves as substrate for the next
  • Catabolic pathways degrade many nutrients to a few metabolic intermediates
  • Reversibility in the system enables macromolecular synthesis
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11
Q

What is an example of reversibility in the system

A

Amphibolic pathways can be used catabolically or anabolically

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12
Q

What occurs in glycolysis?

A

sugars get broken down into pyruvate and related intermediates

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13
Q

What are the three major pathways of glycolysis considered by Prescott?

A
  • Embden-Meyerhof (most common)
    -Hexoses to pyruvate
  • Pentose phosphate/hexomonophosphate (also common)
    -Generally used for biosynthesis
  • Entner-Doudoroff (microbial)
    -Alternative hexose to pyruvate
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14
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation turns what into what?

A

it phosphorylates ADP into ATP

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15
Q

How many pyruvate and ATP does the Ebden-Meyerhof pathway yield?

A

2 pyruvate and 2 ATP

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16
Q

Why does Pyruvate make additional NADH and FADH in the Elden-Meyerhof pathway?

A

ATP

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17
Q

What is the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle also known as?

A

The Citric Acid Cycle or the Krebs Cycle

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18
Q

Can the Krebs cycle/TCA cycle/Citric acid cycle run in reverse for biosynthesis?

A

Yes

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19
Q

How many ATP does aerobic respiration generate?

A

38

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20
Q

How many ATP does fermentation generate?

A

2

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21
Q

where does the TCA/Citric Acid cycle/Krebs cycle occur in eukaryotes?

A

The Mitochondria

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22
Q

Where does the TCA cycle/Krebs cycle/citric Acid cycle occur in prokaryotes?

A

the cytoplasm

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23
Q

Describe the structure of the Kreb’s cycle in regards to Carbons

A
  1. Pyruvate gets decarbobxylated and goes from 3 carbons to 2
  2. The 2 carbons combine with the 4 carbons of oxaloacetate and creates citrate, a 6 carbon molecule
  3. citrate changes arrangement and become isocitric acid (still 6 carbons)
  4. Another carbon is removed creating alpha-ketoglutarate, 5 carbon precursor metabolite. NADH is also formed
  5. The last carbon of glucose is released and NADH is used. The carbon precursor metabolite succinyl-CoA (4 carbon chain) is formed
  6. CoA is cleaved from succinyl-CoA to form GTP, with can be used to make ATP
  7. Succinct is oxidized to fumarate. FAD serves as the electron acceptor
  8. Fumerate reacts with H2O to form maleate
  9. Malate is oxidized, generating more NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate, which is needed to accept the 2 carbons from acetyl-CoA and continue the cycle
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24
Q

When is most ATP made?

A

When NADH and FADH2 are themselves oxidized by the ETC

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25
Q

Where is the ETC localized in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes?

A
  • Prokaryotic: plasma membrane
  • Eukaryotic: mitochondrial membrane
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26
Q

What it’s he best electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

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27
Q

what is the number of ATP from the TCA?

A

1

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28
Q

how does ATP synthase work in the mitochondrial ETC?

A

It spins to grab ATP and phosphate and turns it into ATP

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29
Q

How many times per second does the central rotor turn during ATP synthesis?

A

150

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30
Q

what does the E. coli transport chain depend on?

A

The concentration (low or high)
- the number of protons is different

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31
Q

if something says aerobic, what should we assume?

A

That the ETC is used

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32
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration yield less energy?

A

Because the E0 of final electron acceptor is generally less positive than E0 of O2

33
Q

Is the final electron acceptor in fermentation endogenous or exogenous?

A

Endogenous

34
Q

What causes glycolysis to stop in fermentation?

A

If NAD+ is not available

35
Q

Does fermentation have a TCA cycle?

A

No, ATP is formed only by substrate-level phosphorylation, no oxidative phosphorylation occurs

36
Q

What does the bacterial cell wall do?

A
  • provides ridigity
  • protection from osmotic lysis (bursting)
  • protection from toxic substances
  • pathology factor
    • increased ability for microbe to function as a pathogen
  • is an important antibiotic target
37
Q

Synthesis of peptidoglycan

A

Nucleoside diphosphate involvement
- UPD-NAM
- UDP-NAG

38
Q

the three compartments in peptidoglycan synthesis

A
  • Cytoplasmic
  • Membrane
  • Periplasmic
39
Q

Which two carriers “ferry” intermediated in peptidoglycan synthesis?

A
  • UDP
  • Bactoprenol
40
Q

What inhibits L-Ala and D-Ala?

A

Cycloserine

41
Q

What is required in Cytoplasmic synthesis I? What is not?

A

ATP is required, tRNA and ribosomes are Not

42
Q

What is lipid I in cytoplasmic synthesis?

A

Bactoprenol-P-P-NAM-pentapeptide

43
Q

Bactoprenol is a __-carbon alcohol

A

55

44
Q

UDP-NAG + Lipid I —> ________+ _____

A

Lipid II + UDP

45
Q

What is lipid II in cytoplasmic synthesis?

A

Bactroprenol-P-P-NAM (pentapeptide)-NAG

46
Q

Bactoprenol transfers what across the membrane?

A

The completed peptidoglycan repeat unit [NAG-NAM (pentapeptide)]

47
Q

peptide cross-linking causes peptidoglycan to become _________

A

Insoluble

48
Q

Without cross-linking, the matrix lacks the strength to maintain _______

A

Righty

49
Q

What is the smallest amino acid and is very flexible

A

Cystine

50
Q

What inhibits transpeptidation in both gram + and gram - in E. coli traanspeptidation?

A

Penicillins

51
Q

The removal of what occurs in both gram + and gram - E. coli?

A

The removal of D-Ala

52
Q

What is a reason that “there may be a danger in underdosage” in administering penicillin?

A

Because exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug makes them resistant

53
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA, RNA, and Protein

54
Q

Nucleotides polymerize in which direction?

A

3’-5’

55
Q

How many H-bonds are between A & T

A

2

56
Q

How many H-bonds are between G & C?

A

3

57
Q

In all Arcahea and most bacteria, DNA is in what double helix shape?

A

Circular

58
Q

Is DNA more or less organized in eukaryotic chromatin?

A

More

59
Q

DNA synthesis is in what direction?

A

5’ - 3’

60
Q

What three things do standard DNA polymerases require?

A
  • Template
  • Primer
  • Deoxynucleotide triphosphate
61
Q

What direction is the leading strand in?

A

5’-3’

62
Q

what direction is the lagging strand in?

A

3’-5’

63
Q

Primosome

A

Primate that makes short RNA primer and accessory proteins

64
Q

What does RNA primer recruit?

A

DNA polymerase

65
Q

When do Catenanes form?

A

When two circular daughter chromosomes do not separate

66
Q

What temporarily breaks the DNA molecules so that the strands can separate?

A

Topoisomerase

67
Q

What is the flow of genetic information?

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

68
Q

What are the three classic types of RNA?

A
  • messenger RNA
  • ribosomal RNA
  • transfer RNA
69
Q

What are the newly discovered classes of RNA in eukaryotes?

A
  • siRNA (small interfering RNA)
  • microRNA
  • lnc RNA (long noncoding RNA)
70
Q

What are the three stages of transcription?

A

-Initiation
-elongation
-Termination

71
Q

Initiation

A

Binds RNA polymerase to the promoter region near the beginning of the gene

72
Q

Elongation

A

Then occurs generating a complementary RNA copy

73
Q

Termination

A

The final step of transcription when the RNA polymerase releases the newly formed RNA molecule

74
Q

What is the definition is Gene

A

A protein-coding open reading frame (Start codon to stop codon)

75
Q

What determines the amount of protein transcribed?

A

The amount of RNA transcribed

76
Q

Holoenzyme = core enzyme + ________ factor

A

Sigma

77
Q

Only what type of enzyme can begin transcription

A

Holoenzyme

78
Q

in an Rho (p)-independent

A
  • transcribed RNA contains a hairpin (multiple GC base-pairs) followed to as a stem
  • polymerase pauses at the hairpin, and U-stretch paired with A in template is too weak an interaction to keep polymerase on the template
79
Q

Rho (p)-dependent

A
  • terminator region pauses transciption at a stem-loop (no

Microbiology (11 decks)

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