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Microbiology > Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When did the Earth form?

A

About 4.5 billion years ago

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2
Q

When did life arise?

A

About 3.6 billion years ago

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3
Q

Hadean Eon (4.6-3.8 bya)

A

-Origins of cellular life
-formation of the Earth
-formation of earth’s crust and oceans

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4
Q

Archaean Eon (3.8-2.5 bya)

A

-Divergence of bacteria and Archaea
-Origins of an oxygen is photosynthesis
-Origins of Cyanobacteria and oxygen is photosynthesis

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5
Q

Proterozoic Eon (2.5 bya - 542 Mya)

A

-Start of the Great Oxidation Event
-Ozone Shield forming
-Evidence for multicellular eukaryotes
-Start of Cambrian explosion

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6
Q

Phanerozoic Eon

A

-Origins of the first animals
-extinction of dinosaurs

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7
Q

What kind of metabolism used by some archaea may be a remnant of early form of chemiosmosis?

A

FeS-based

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8
Q

Fossil evidence places evolution of Cyanobacteria and oxygen in photosynthesis to how long ago?

A

About 3 billion years ago

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9
Q

Where are fossilized remains found?

A

Stromatolites and sedimentary rocks

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10
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

layered rocks formed by incorporation of mineral sediments into microbial mat

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11
Q

What is likely the site for the origin of life on Earth?

A

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents

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12
Q

RNA can perform diverse functions including:

A

-Backbone of essential molecules (ex: ATP, NADH, coenzyme A)
-Bind small molecules (ex: nucleotides, amino acids)
-Catalyze some biochemical reactions
-Template for own synthesis
-Catalyze protein synthesis

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13
Q

What were the events from 4.3-3.8 BYA that fell under the category of “Precellular Life”?

A

RNA world
- catalytic RNA
- Self-replicating RNA
Protein Synthesis
- RNA-templated translation
DNA
- Replication
- Transcription

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14
Q

What does LUCA stand for?

A

Last universal common ancestor

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15
Q

What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotic: lack a true membrane-delimited nucleus

Eukaryotic: have a membrane-enclosed nucleus, are more complex morphologically, and are usually larger than prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

Describe the following shape: Spirillum

A

Thin wavy noodle. Looks like a less curly version of my hair after it has been In braids

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17
Q

Describe the following shape: Spirochete

A

Like Megan’s curls. Wavy at the two ends, but it is super curly in the middle

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18
Q

Describe the following shape: Anabaena (a Cyanobacterium)

A

A chain of large ovals connected like paper dolls

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19
Q

Describe the following shape: Large Bacillus

A

A big oval rock

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20
Q

Describe the following shape: Escherichia coil

A

Shaped like an oval pill

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21
Q

Describe the following shape: Staphylococcus

A

Perfect circle

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22
Q

Describe the following shape: Rickettsia

A

Oval pill that is smaller than staphylococcus. Super small

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23
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and Archaea
-no organelles (membrane-enclosed structures), no nucleus

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24
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Plants, animals, algae, protozoa, fungi
-contain organelles
-DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
-mitochondria and chloroplasts

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25
Q

The simplest and smallest “organisms” are:

A

Mycoplasmas

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26
Q

what is Mycoplasma genitalium?

A

A Gram-Positive (purple) bacterium with. 580 kbp genome with 470 defined coding regions

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27
Q

Some microbes are not unicellular. Provide a few examples

A

Nonstop: a photosynthetic bacterium that forms filaments
Neurospora crassa: filamentous fungus that forms hyphae

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28
Q

Not all microbes are small. Provide a few examples:

A

-Armillaria ostoyae
-bridgeoporus nobilissimus

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29
Q

What is natural classification?

A

Arranges organisms into groups whose members share many characteristics (based on anatomical characteristics)

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30
Q

What does the natural classification fail to provide?

A

Information of evolutionary relatedness

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31
Q

Taxonomy

A

-Identify and name difference organisms
-Define groups based on relatedness among the different organisms (morphological and molecular relatedness)

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32
Q

Binomial system of nomenclature

A

They are assigned 2 names:

-Genus name: italicized and capitalized
-species epithet: italicized but not capitalized

Can be abbreviated after first use

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33
Q

Phylogenetic classification is usually based on:

A

Direct comparison of genetic material

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34
Q

The direct comparison of genetic material for phylogenetic classification was more feasible after

A

Woese and Fox proposed using rRNA nucleotide sequences to assess evolutionary relatedness of organisms

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35
Q

How did Woese and Fx determine that all living organisms belong to one of 3 domains?

A

Using the nucleotide sequence of the small ribosomal RNAs (SSU rRNAs)

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36
Q

Orthologs

A

The same function and originate from a single ancestral gene in a common ancestor

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37
Q

Paralogs

A

Evolved to have difference functions resulting from gene duplication

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38
Q

Phylogenetic analyze typically focus on

A

Orthologs

39
Q

Sequence alignment adds gaps to establish

A

Positional homology

40
Q

Limitations o phylogenetic trees

A

-Can be difficult to choose true tree if several fit data well
-bootstrapping can deal with uncertainty ; indicated percentage of tie a node is supported by data

-homoplasy (convergent evolution) complicates tree construction when similar sequence positions result from recurrent mutation instead of inheritance

41
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms

42
Q

Metagenomics

A

Direct DNA sequencing of microbial communities

43
Q

Cell size: Bacteria (E. Coli)

A

About 0.7-1.4 um diameter, about 2.-4 um length, and about 0.5-5 um^3 in volume

44
Q

Yeast (S. cerevisiiae)

A

3-6 um diameter, about 20-160 um^3 in volume

45
Q

Mammalian cell volume

A

100-10,000 um^3; HeLa cell 500-5000 um^3

46
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis

47
Q

Gas vacuole

A

Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments

48
Q

Ribosomes are primarily responsible for

A

Protein synthesis

49
Q

Inlcusions function

A

Storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances

50
Q

Nucleoid

A

Localization of genetic material (DNA)

51
Q

Periplasmic space

A

In gram-negative (pink) bacteria, contains hydrologic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient recessing and uptake; in gram-positive bacteria (purple) and archaea cells, may be smaller or absent

52
Q

Cell wall function

A

Provides shape and protection from osmotic stress

53
Q

Capsules and slime layers

A

Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces; rare in the Archaea

54
Q

Fimbriae and pill

A

Attachment to surfaces, bacterial conjugation and transformation, twitching and gliding motility

55
Q

Flagella

A

Swimming motility

56
Q

Endospore characteristic

A

Survival under harsh environmental conditions; only observes in bacteria

57
Q

what shape is coccus?

A

Spherical

58
Q

what shape is bacillus?

A

Rod or cylinder

59
Q

What shape is coccobacillus?

A

Short round rod

60
Q

What shape is Vibrio?

A

Curved rod

61
Q

what shape is Spirillum ?

A

More rigid spiral shape

62
Q

What shape is Spirochete?

A

More flexible spiral shape

63
Q

What is mycelium?

A

Network of long, multicellular filaments

64
Q

What are pleomorphic?

A

Organisms that are variable in shape

65
Q

What is Treponema pallidum?

A

Spirochete that causes syphilis

66
Q

The arrangement of cells depends on…

A

Plane of division

67
Q

Division along a single plane may result in

A

Pairs or chains of cells

68
Q

An example of paired cells

A

Diplococci (ex: neisseria gonorrhoeae)

69
Q

Example of chained cells

A

Streptococci (ex: species of streptococcus)

70
Q

Division along two or three perpendicular planes forms

A

Cubical pockets

71
Q

Division along several random planes form

A

Clusters

72
Q

functions of plasma membrane

A

-separation of cell from its environment
-selectively permeable barrier
-location of metabolic processes
-Detection of and response to molecules in the environment

73
Q

What molecules diffuse freely through hth plasma membrane? Which are blocked from unrestricted passage?

A

Freely: H2O, O2, CO2, N2

Blocked: rage molecules, charged molecules, H+, sugars, amino acids

Transport systems aid in movement of these molecules

74
Q

What aids in the movement of lblocked molecule transport through the plasma membrane?

A

Membrane proteins (provide specificity)

75
Q

peripheral proteins

A

Loosely associated with the membrane and relatively easily removed
-can be “stripped” from intact membrane

76
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Embedded within the membrane and not easily removed

-typically required membrane disruption, for example: by treatment with detergent

77
Q

Unlike eukaryotes, bacterial membranes do not contain sterols. They do contain…

A

Hopanoids, sterol-like molecules (five ring, not four ring)

78
Q

Hopanoids fulfill the same function as steroids in making memories

A

More fluid

79
Q

Archaea membranes are composed of

A

Unique lipids
- lipid is branched-chain, not straight-chains
- lipids are connected to glycerol by ether linkage, not ester linkage

** Some have monolayer structure instead of bilayer

80
Q

Squalene and tetrahydrosqualene are examples of:

A

Archaeal lipids

81
Q

Biosynthetic cytoskeletons play roles in:

A

cell division, cell shape determination, and protein localization

82
Q

Homologs of all 3 eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements have been identified in prokaryotes

A

FtsZ, MreB, Crescentin

83
Q

what is FtsZ?

A

functional equivalent of eukaryotic tubulin

  • required for cell division
  • localized to the center
  • makes a circular filament
  • scaffolding for other cell division proteins
84
Q

What is MreB?

A

functional equivalent of eukaryotic actin

  • helix under the plasma membrane
  • archaea appear to lack an MreB-like molecule
85
Q

What is Crescentin?

A

intermediate filament-like protein

86
Q

what forms highly dynamic filaments and interacts with proteins involved in cell division or cell shape, maintenance, respectively

A

bacterial tubulin-like protein FtsZ and actin-like MreB proteins

87
Q

What was the first known protein to form a ring at midcell and recruits further cell division proteins to form the divide that ultimately drives formation of the division septum

A

FtsZ

88
Q

What forms helical filaments underneath the cell membrane and are involved in maintenance of cell shape; possibly directing locations of cell wall synthesis; may also play a role in chromosome segregation

A

MreB

89
Q

what intermediate filament-like protein that is essential for cell curvature in C. crescents and forms a filamentous structure at the short axis of the cells

A

Crescentin

90
Q

actin-like straight filaments; positions magnetosomes (special organelles) in a straight-line underneath the cell membrane

A

MamK

91
Q

have additional distinct filamentous cytoskeletal elements, the function of which is still unclear

A

spirochetes

92
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix

A

substance in which nucleic, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies are suspended in an aqueous environment

93
Q
A

Microbiology (11 decks)

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