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Genetics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Purine

A

Double ringed nucleotide

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2
Q

Start codon

A

indicates where to initiate translation

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3
Q

TRANS-ACTING ELEMENTS

A

protein that binds to cis-acting to control gene expression

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4
Q

pyrimidine

A

single ringed nucleotide

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5
Q

stop codon

A

indicates where to end translation

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6
Q

cis-acting element

A

sequence of DNA that may enhance or silence DNA when acted upon

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7
Q

Promoter

A

indicates where to initiate transcription

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8
Q

sense codon

A

3 mRNA bases that code for an amino acid

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9
Q

Protein-coding gene

A

encodes a polypeptide

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10
Q

terminator

A

indicates where to end transcription

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11
Q

DNA and RNA are _______

A

nucleic acids

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12
Q

Ribosomes can be found in DNA

A
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13
Q

What would the complementary strand to the following DNA strand?

5’ GCATAGGCC 3’

A

3’ CGTATCCGG 5’

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14
Q

Eukaryotic organisms have circular DNA.

A

fasle

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15
Q

Chromatin is made of

A

DNA and proteins (histones)

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16
Q

What is the repeating structural unit in chromatin called?

A

nucleosome

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17
Q

Heterochromatin is highly compact and transcriptionally inactive.

A

True

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18
Q

What is the term for a segment of nucleotides in between the sections that actually code for something?

A

Introns

19
Q

Genome size does not equate to species complexity

A

true

20
Q

moderately and highly repetitive sections of DNA typically code for what?

A

Transposons

21
Q

DNA replication results in ________

A

Two daughter molecules identical to the parent molecule

22
Q

What enzyme bids Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

23
Q

What enzyme prevents the parent strand from rebounding while the daughter strands are built?

A

Single-strand binding proteins

24
Q

What enzyme lays RNA primers before the addition of new nucleotides to daughter strands?

A

Primase

25
Q

What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands in DNA replication

A

DNA helicase

26
Q

what is a major difference between the Holiday and Double-strand break model?

A

*The amount/ types of enzymes involved
*The amount of strands initially broken to begin the process

27
Q

what protein complex is responsible for aiding in double-strand break model strand invasion?

A

RecA

28
Q

RNA polymerase II transcribes what?

A

mRNA

29
Q

Which enzyme plays a role in RNA modification?

A

Spliceosome

30
Q

Why are polyA tails important

A

*protects mRNA from shortening
*helps mRNA exit the nucleus
*regulates gene expression

31
Q

a protein can be made of one or many polypeptides

A

true

32
Q

amino acids are bound by what

A

peptide bonds

33
Q

What is the term for the characteristic of the genetic code having more than one codon specifying the same amino acid?

A

degeneracy

34
Q

If two codons code for the same amino acid, what are they?

A

synonymous codons

35
Q

Since there are 20 types of amino acids, how many types of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase are there?

A

20

36
Q

all proteins will have a quaternary structure

A

false

37
Q

3 things a nucleotide is composed of

A
  1. at least one phosphate group
  2. a pentose sugar
  3. a nitrogenous base
38
Q

what are the two suggestions for why transposition occurs

A

1) The selfish DNA hypothesis states that transposons proliferate without causing harm, so there is no reason for it to not happen.

2) The Exon shuffling hypothesis, which says this occurs because it offer some sort of advantage and broadens the gene pool.

39
Q

What concept/process do the Holliday model and double-strand break model attempt to explain?

A

The Holliday model and the double-strand break model attempt to explain Homologus recombination.

40
Q

What is the central dogma of genetics? Utilize the terms “collinearity” and “gene expression.”

A

The central dogma of genetics is DNA to RNA to Proteins. During Collinearity the sequences in our genes dictates the amino acid sequences our bodies make. Gene expression takes the information from the amino acids and gives it a specific funtion.

41
Q

Describe what happens during each stage of Transcription:

Initiation:

Elongation:

Termination:

A

Initiation: the intitial binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter in order to begin RNA synthesis.

Elongation: the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template

Termination: release of the newly made RNA transcript and RNA polymearase from the DNA

42
Q

A. What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?

B. What happens at the A, E, and P sites?

A

A. Ribosomes conatin discrete sites where tRNA binds and the poplypeptide is synthesized.

B. Aminocyl (A site) - where a charged tRNA initially binds

Peptidyl (P site) - carries a tRNA along with a polypeptide

Exit (E site) - where an uncharged tRNA exits

43
Q
A

Genetics (11 decks)

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