Exam 2 Flashcards
Mendel studied:
autosomal inheritance
Gene
holds two alleles, influences a particular trait
allele
a particular form of gene
Genotype
a listing of the alleles of particular genes in an individual
phenotype
an individual’s observable traits
homozygous
having two of the same allele
heterozygous
having two different alleles
autosomal
a chromosome that isn’t sex
a gamete carries _____
1 allele for each trait
Principle of separation
allele pairs split from each other during the production of gametes
monohybrid cross
cross between two heterozygotes
Monohybrid cross (Rr) genotype values
1/4 RR
2/4 Rr
1/4 rr
monohybrid cross (Rr) phenotype values
3:1
what principle does monohybrid cross show?
principle of segregation
Independent assortment
alleles of different genes (seed shape and color) are transmitted independently of each other
dependent assortment
alleles of different genes (seed shape and color) are transmitted together
both
rule of multiplication
either, or
rule of addition
dihybrid cross
two traits
Offspring genotypes values (RrYy x RrYy)
9/16 R-Y-
3/16 R-yy
3/16 rrY-
1/16 rryy
Offspring phenotype values (RrYy x RrYy)
9/16 R-Y-
3/16 R-yy
3/16 rrY-
1/16 rryy
what principle does dihybrid cross show?
principle of independent assortment
how does meiosis explain principle of segregation
separation of homologous chromosomes in anaphase 1
how does meiosis explain principle of independent assortment
Genes on different chromosomes assort independently in Meiosis 1
(4 types of gametes are produced)
chromosome theory of inheritance
-genes are located on chromosomes
- independent alignment and separation of homologous chromosomes in Meiosis 1
homogametic vs. heterogametic
XX vs. XY
EXCEPTIONS: fish, birds, butterflies, moths (ZZ, ZW)
what supports chromosome theory of inheritance
X-linked inheritance
what violates the principle of independent assortment and why?
Linkage
-alleles are inherited together
-DIFFERENT than sex-linked genes
-two, rather than four, types of gametes
crossing over
alleles on the same chromosomes don’t always stick together (four types of gametes)
crossing over and meiosis 1 relationship
-only in females
polymorphic traits: Codominance
expression of both alleles in a heterozygote
Polymorphic traits: Incomplete dominance
heterozygote is mixture of parents
Incomplete dominance flower color ex
red (RR) white (rr)
pink (Rr)
1/4 (RR) 1/4 (Rr) 1/4(Rr) 1/4 (rr)
Pleiotropy
one gene affects many traits (ex: diseases)
Influences on phenotypes: Gene-Gene
different genes work together to affect the phenotype
influences on phenotypes: Environment
combined affects of genes and environment
Rose comb (RRpp) x Pea comb (rrPP) = all walnut combs
epistasis
expression of phenotype of one gene is masked by phenotype of another
discrete vs. quantitiative (continuous) traits
(ex: kernel color)
Aa Bb Cc thing
Extensions of Mendel’s work:
- Inheritance of genes on same chromosome
- More than two alleles
- Other allele phenotypes
- Gene influences on traits
- other influences on phenotypes
- Quantitative traits