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Central Dogma Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

central dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Process of building proteins from an instruction set

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2
Q

nucleic acid

A

a polymer made up of nucleotides

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3
Q

Polymer

A

a long molecule of small repeating units (monomers) bonded together

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4
Q

Nucleotide consistency (3)

A
  1. phosphate group
  2. 5-carbon sugar
  3. Nitrogenous base
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5
Q

DNA function

A

to store & transmit info in a sequence of bases attached to nucleotides

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6
Q

DNA Primary purpose

A

serves as template for synthesis

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7
Q

DNA secondary structure

A

-double helix
- strands are arranged in an antiparrallel way

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8
Q

Purine

A

Made of 9 atoms
-Adenine (A)
-Guanine (G)

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9
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Made of 6 atoms
-Cytosine (C)
-Thyamine (T- DNA only)
-Uracil (U- RNA only)

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10
Q

DNA molecule as a whole:

A

-hydrophilic
-stable: van der waals, hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

DNA Tertiary Stucture

A

Supercoils
-histones

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12
Q

RNA primary structure

A

(A,U,G,C)

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13
Q

RNA secondary structure

A

helical design
- hairpins

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14
Q

RNA tertiary structure

A

Folding

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15
Q

phosphodiester

A

bond forming the backbone of DNA/RNA, connects two monomers

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16
Q

hydrolosis

A

-opposite of condensation reaction
-uses water to break bonds
-breaks polymers into monomers

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17
Q

condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)

A

-making monomers into polymers producing water

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18
Q

genetic code

A

sequence of info from bases

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19
Q

RNA unstability

A
  1. Catalyzes many chemical reactions.
  2. Contains genetic info
  3. Replication
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20
Q

Catalytic RNAs

A

ribozymes
-catalyze formation of peptide bonds when amino acids join to form polypeptides

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21
Q

Peptide

A

-bonds hold AAs together
- short chains of AAs
-long chain = polypeptide

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22
Q

Replication of RNA similarities to DNA

A

free nucleotides form H-bonds with complementary bases on template strand of RNA

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23
Q

replication of RNA differences to DNA

A

H-honds between this new double-stranded molecule must be broken “unzipped” by heat or enzyme

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24
Q

Steps of RNA replication

A
  1. complementary bases pair
  2. copied strand polymerizes
  3. copy and template separate
  4. copy serves as new template
  5. new copy polymerizes
  6. new copy is identical to OG
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25
Q

Protein Structure

A
  1. Primary: AA
  2. Secondary: a-helices and B-pleated
  3. Tertiary: 3D folding
  4. Subunits (ex: hemoglobin)
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26
Q

PRoteins are made of ________________

A

amino acids

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27
Q

AA common structure

A
  1. Hydrogen atom
  2. Amino (NH2) functional group
  3. Carboxyl (COOH) functional group (acidic)
  4. Unique “R” group
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28
Q

R-group properties

A

-functional groups affect reactivity (ex: carboxyl, hydroxyl)
-some AA have no functional groups and therefore rarely are in reactions

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29
Q

(R-group properties) Polarity and Charge affect ____________

A

solubility
-polar R-groups are hydrophilic
-non-polar R-groups are hydrophobic

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30
Q

Backbone:
1. R-group orientation

A

position of AA off backbone, whether it interacts with each other and water

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31
Q

Backbone:
2. Directionality

A

AA are written in order from N-terminus to C-terminus

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32
Q

N-terminus

A

free amino group (NH2)

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33
Q

C-terminus

A

has free carboxyl group (COOH)

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34
Q

Backbone:
3. Flexibility

A

single bonds on either side of peptide can rotate

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35
Q

Oligopeptide or peptide=

A

less than 50 AA

36
Q

Polypeptide=

A

more than 50 AA

37
Q

Primary protein structure

A

-unique sequence of AA
-various lengths

38
Q

Secondary protein structure:

A

-interactions between functional groups in peptide-bonded backbone within the same polypeptide chain
-creates a-helices and B-pleated sheets

39
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

3D structure folding:
- H-bonds
- Hydrophobic interactions
-Van Der Waals interactions
- covalent & ionic bonds

40
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

combo of polypeptides
ex: dimer, tetramer

41
Q

vector

A

an organism that doesn’t cause the disease itself but spreads infection

42
Q

Mosquito (ectoparasites)

A

anopheles

43
Q

Protist of malaria

A

plasmodium

44
Q

hemoglobin

A

4 polypeptide subunits
- a subunits are identical
- B subunits are identical
-each subunit binds to a non-protein group called a heme

45
Q

Malaria is hard to control because

A
  1. Difficult to develop a vaccine because it evolves quickly
  2. Natural selection favors mosquito strains that are insecticide resistant
46
Q

Change in AA to show sickle cell

A

Normal: (5, Pro)-(6, Glu)-(7,Glu)
Sickle: (5, Pro)-(6, Val)-(7, Glu)

47
Q

Heterozygote advantage for sickle

A

sickled RBCs are deoxygenated, and therefore a poor host for Plasmodium

48
Q

What directs protein folding

A

the sequence of AA in primary structure of proteins

49
Q

What controls the elements of protein function

A

folding of polypeptide chains

50
Q

the combination of the 4 levels of protein structure

A

responsible for the diversity of sizes and shapes of proteins

51
Q

denatured proteins

A

unfolded proteins, h-bonds and disulfide bonds are broken

52
Q

heat shock proteins

A

-molecular chaperones
-recognize denatured proteins by binding to hydrophobic patches

53
Q

disordered proteins

A

regions that lack structure and are inactive

54
Q

ordered proteins

A

active region with structure

55
Q

Prions

A

-alternate forms of proteins found in healthy individuals
-smallest known infectious particle
-same AA sequence but protein shape is different
-ex: mad cow disease

56
Q

Genes

A

made of DNA and carry the instructions for making and maintaining on individual

57
Q

gene expression

A

the process of converting stored info into functional molecules (proteins)

58
Q

the genetic code hypothesis

A

-genes contain the info to specify the AA of one protein
-the info encoded in the base sequence of DNA isn’t directly translated into the amino acid sequence

59
Q

mRNA

A

-short-lived
-found to carry info from DNA to ribosome

60
Q

enzyme ______________ is required to synthesize RNA

A

RNA polymerase

61
Q

transcription

A

copying info
(DNA –> mRNA)

62
Q

translation

A

using info
(mRNA –> proteins)

63
Q

mechanism (proximate)

A

-gene/DNA sequence that’s transcribed and translated into a protein
-different amino acid

64
Q

Adaptation (ultimate)

A

natural selection, sexual selection

65
Q

Phylogeny (ultimate)

A

-close relatives

66
Q

genetic code

A

the sequence of info presented in both nucleotides and AA

67
Q

mRNA communcation

A

amino acids -> triplet code ->each amino acid is specified by a group of 3 bases (codon)

68
Q

Start codon

A

methionine
AUG

69
Q

end codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

70
Q

mRNA base #

A

1 -> 4 AA
2 -> 16 AA
3 -> 64 AA

71
Q

our genetic code:

A
  1. redundant
    almost all AA have 1+ codon
  2. unambiguous
    a codon can code for one AA
  3. non-overlapping
    each codon is read sequentially
  4. nearly universal
    almost all species use these same AA
  5. conservative
    if codons have same AA, the first 2 bases are the same
72
Q

Point mutation:

A

a single base change

73
Q

types of point mutation

A
  1. Missense
  2. Silent
  3. nonsense
  4. frameshift
74
Q

Missense

A

causes codon to signal different DNA

75
Q

silent

A

signals a different codon but doesn’t change AA sequence

76
Q

nonsense

A

change in a codon to a stop codon

77
Q

frameshift

A

alters how codons are read

78
Q

chromosome level mutations

A

changes to chromosome # or composition occurs in a cell

79
Q

CLMs:
Mistakes during meiosis or mitosis

A

movement of chromosomes into new cells or gametes

80
Q

polypoidy

A

more than 2 copies of chromosomes

81
Q

anenploidy

A

few or more copies dur to loss or addition of chromosomes

82
Q

CLMs:
breaks and/or reattachment

A

inversion (flipped)

83
Q

translocation

A

when a segment breaks off & attaches to a new chromosome

84
Q

duplication and deletion

A

additional copies of chromosomes
chromosomes lost completely

85
Q

four mechanisms that shift allele frequencies

A
  1. Natural selection
  2. genetic drift
  3. gene flow
  4. Mutation

Bio (9 decks)

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