EXAM 2 Flashcards
What was the primary cattle breed used to “improve” native cattle?
Shorthorn
What are the 2 main causes of sheep death in the U.S.?
predators and weather
What are the 3 things that makes someone a good livestock owner?
Mind that sees, mind that works, action attitude
When would you want to send a cow to the feedlot?
past the Infection point
Why are cows harvested past the inflection point?
To ensure marbling
3 Types of Swine Weaning
Segregated Early
Snatch Farrowing
Medicated Early
4 Types of Sheep Primal
leg, loin, flank, front
Primal cuts of a cow
chuck, rib, short loin, sirloin, round
Pig Primals
shoulder butt, belly, loin, ham, shoulder picnic
CTBR
Closely Trimmed Boneless Retail Cuts
What three groups made up the “cowboys”
ex soldiers, freed slaves, vaqueros
What was the first continental breed
Charlois
What was the most important breed in the cattle drive?
Hereford
Give one Seedstock examples in the producer pyramid
Swine International
Explain commercial in the producer pyramid
Producer- Every spring calving checks
Stocker phase in the producer pyramid
Grow as fast & as cheaply as possible
What year was the last FMD outbreak in the US?
1929
What is the average birth weight of a calf?
70 lbs
The rumen microbial population is not present at birth, therefore it develops with
the 1st forage
A calf is by a cows side for how many months?
7
The standard weaning length for calfs is how many days?
205
The average weaning weight is
600 pounds
“Stock phase” for cows means
cheap gains (high % forage)
Cattle need how many days on high energy feed to transition to white fat?
100
When are cattle harvested, is this efficient or not?
Past the inflection point which is less efficient
Cattle are harvested past the inflection point to
ensure marbling
What is cattle dressing percentage (DP)?
63% (Live Weight X DP = HCW)
5 things removed from cattle during slaughter
- 98% of blood
- Head
- Hooves
- Hide
- Internal Organs
USDA Quality Grades
Prime
Choice
Select
Standard
Prime Grade %
10-12% IMF
Choice Grade
5-10%
Select Grade
3-5%
Standard
<3%
Cows and mature bulls are harvested and eligible for
Commercial, Utility, Canner
Sliding scale
The older the animal the more marbling necessary to grade higher
The evolution of modern cattle feedlots began with
cannery waste
Define Cannery Waste
Taking advantage of cattle and their ruminants
Confinement of Swine
waste issues, animal welfare, NIMBY, environmental management
Swine production has shifted to what over the years?
Vertical integration
List the 2 leading hog producing states
Iowa & NC
Swine production slowly shifted from ______ to _______ and now wants to shift back to ____________
Pasture based to total confinement to pasture based
What replaced the classic purebred producer and Boar testing system?
AI & the advent of “genetic companies”
Production systems lead to the development of
breed blind hogs
Conception to Processing for swine
295 days
Birth to slaughter for pigs
180 days
birth to nursery for pigs
62 days
Farrow length for pigs
17-21 days
Nursery length for pigs
45 days
finishing length for pigs
118 days
What percentage of pork is processed?
62%
3 Things for the future of pigs
vertical disintegration
pastured pork
locally grown
7 Major Groups of Canines
Working
Herding
Hound
Sporting
Non-sporting
Toy
Terrier
Average Lifespan of Dogs & Cats
12 years
Which group is not a good decision for a first time dog owner?
Terrier
Which groups are good with children and other dogs?
Labrador retriever
siberian husky
basset hound
Most common breed of cat
Domestic Shorthair/Longhair
Which groups of dogs are energetic?
Dalmation
Airdale Terrier
Poodle
Belgian Malinois
Where did sheep originate?
Europe and the cooler regions on Asia
Sheep are important ruminants in
temperate agriculture
New Zealand, Australia, and Saudi Arabia have the higher per capita consumption of
mutton, lamb, and goat meat
5 Leading Sheep Countries
China
Australia
India
Iran
Sudan
4 Commodities Sheep Provide
fiber, milk, meat, hides
What percentage of sheep are raised in temperate zones?
60%
Fewer than what percentage of sheep are in the tropics?
40%
In temperate climates, what traits do sheep have that are an advantage?
large, compact bodies, heavy fleece covering, and storage of subcutaneous fat
Selection emphasis on
growth rate, milk production, lambing percentage, and fleece weight
What percentage of sheep born in western US are lost before they are marketed? Why?
23%
Predators and Weather
What makes the purebred sheep industry important?
They determine the genetic productivity of commercial sheep
What are the percentages for the total income of lamb? Wool?
85-90%; 10-15%
Wool breeds have what percentage of income from the sale of wool?
30-35%
Two forms of purebred sheep industry
Farm flocks (50 head or less) & youth projects (4H & FFA)
A program to eliminate footrot from a herd or flock involves 3 steps:
prevention
eradication
surveillance
What are some things you can control to prevent the further spread of footrot?
Footbathing
Trimming feet
Use of antibiotics
Vaccination
How many times a year should a sheeps feet be trimmed?
1 to 2 times per year
What are the 2 clostridial vaccines that are commonly used in sheep and goats
a 3-way vaccine called CDT
an 8-way vaccine with the trade name Covexin-8
What does CDT protect healthy sheep and goats against?
clostridium perfringins type C and D and clostridium tetani
Whats disease does Covexin-8 protect against that CDT doesnt
Blackleg
When should pregnant ewes and does be vaccinated with CDT (toxoid)
During their last month of pregnancy
First time moms should be vaccinated how many times in late pregnancy and how many weeks before parturition
twice in late pregnancy
3 and 6 weeks before parturition
Lambs and kids from unvaccinated dams should receive their first CDT vaccination when they are how many weeks of age? and how many weeks of age should they receive a booster?
3-4 weeks of age
3-4 weeks later
Why may earlier vaccinations not be effective?
The immature immune system of young lambs and kids
What is the gestation length of sheep?
147 days
2 Fine Wool Breeds of Sheep
Merino & Rambouillet
& Meat Breeds of Sheep
Cheviot
Dorset
Hampshire
Montadale
Shropshire
Southdown
Suffolk
3 Medium Wool/Dual Purpose Breeds of Sheep
Corriedale
Columbia
Targhee
Long Wool Breeds of Sheep
Romney
Lincoln
Order of popularity of sheep in the us
Suffolk
Dorset
Hampshire
Southdown
Rambouillet
Describe the Dorset breed of sheep
white face
medium size
can breed “out of season”
high fertility
good milkers
Describe the Hampshire breed of sheep
black face and legs
wool cap on face and legs
polled
wool blindness
good milkers
Describe the Suffolk breed of sheep
large frame size
black face and legs
no wool on face and legs
bare bellies
spider gene (detrimental recessive gene)
The sales of ewes and rams determines the genetic productivity of what
commercial sheep
What is the most popular wool breed of sheep in the US
Rambouillet
During nonritual harvests for cattle, they are stunned via
captive bolt
What state raises the most red meat out of the 50 states
Iowa
What part of the pig does the boston butt come from
the shoulder
what is the most common type of calf weaning utilized in the us
trailer weaning