AVS FINAL EXAM Flashcards by Sydney Spurrier

What were the 2 races still extant?

tarpan and Przewalskis

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Equine reproduction

seasonally polyestrous, long day breeders

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Estrous cycle

entire cycle from OV 21+/- 2 days

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Estrus cycle

portion of cycle leading up to OV and 1-2 days after OV where mare is sexually receptive to stallion (5-7 days)

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Gestation period

342 +/- 20 days (11 months)

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Period of anestrus

no “cycles”/ovulations or estrus behavior

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Artifical lighting

Requires 16L:8D for at least 60 days prior to desired breeding (start no later than Dec. 1st)

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Differences between Colorado and Missouri Style AV

Colorado retains water temperature longer in colder weather, more durable under extreme use, liner is cheaper to replace, allows stallion to ejaculate well clear of heated liner

Missouri style is available from MAI, cheaper to purchase initially, lighter, allows for addition of air to make the liner tighter, less direct manual stimulation of the penis

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1st & 2nd trimester

NBC requirements of maintenance, unless mare is lactating (1st trimester), regular deworming protocol, Pneumobort (EHV 1-abortus strain) at around 5, 7, 9 months

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3rd trimester

mare should be dewormed 4-6 weeks prior to foaling with ivermectin/prazaquental (Equimax or Zimectrin Gold) or moxidecting/prazaquental (Quest plus) and should be vaccinated with a 6 way (WEE, EEE, W. Nile, Flu, Rhino, Tet) and rabies

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What is indicated if udders begin to fill prior to 4-6 week before foaling date?

placentitis

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Why is it important mares get vaccinated, dewormed, and rabies vaccination before foaling?

important for colostrum quality

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Foaling Stage One

Last 30-45 minutes
Pacing/circling
Frequent urination/defecation
Lying down/getting up
Sweating
Looking at flank
Kicking/biting at sides
Foal rotates into position

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Foaling Stage Two

Begins when “water breaks”
Ends when foal is expelled
Last 10-20 minutes

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Foaling Stage Three

Umbilical cord should break naturally when mare stands
Tie up the exposed portion of the placenta above the hocks
Dip the foals umbilical stump in diluted nolvasan
No longer than 2.5 to 3 hours (if longer administer oxytocin)

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1-2-3 Rule of Foals

Standing within one hour
Nursing within two hours
Pass meconium within 3 hours

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If a foal does not pass mecinum by 3 hours administer

standard saline enema

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Uses of Horses in the past

food
military
pastimes/sports
ag/commercial
recreation and sport

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Tarpan scientific name and where were they found

E. callabus callabus
in eastern Europe until the middle of the century

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Scientific name for Przewalski & where did they inhabit

E. callabus przewalskii
the remote Steppe region between China and Mongolia

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How many chromosome pairs does the Equus Callbus and an Equus Asinus have

32 & 31

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Primitive markings of donkeys and burros

dorsal stripes
cobwebbing
shoulder cross
leg barring
lower face mask

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Mule

male donkey and female horse

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Mules are infertile due to

chromosomal mismatch

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Hinny

female donkey and male horse

Equus zebra

32 chromosomes

Cold blood breeds

Clydesdales Shires Suffolk Belgian

Where did Arabian horses originate

among the desert tribes of Arabian Peninsula

Why were Arabians used

they were bred by the Bedouins as war mounts for long treks and quick forays into enemy camps

How did Arabians evolve in harsh desert conditions

large lung compacity and endurance

Genetic Makeup of QH

Spanish Barb (from Chickasaws) + English stock (draft) + Thoroughbred (England) + Mustang (west of Miss.)

Origins of Thoroughbreds

stock of Arab and Barb horses was introduced to England in 3rd century

What became the foundation of Thoroughbred breeding in the US

a son of the Darley Arabian was imported to Virginia in 1730 and during the following 45 years 186 th were imported from england

Comanche Indians

finest horsemen on the Plains, favored loud-colored horses and had many among their immense herds

Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s paint horses were called a variety of names

pinto, paint, skewbald, piebald

What year was the APSHA established

1962

What are the 3 specific coat patterns of paints

overo, tabiano, tovero

APH Tobiano

dark color covers one or both flanks all 4 legs white at least below hocks and knees predominantly dark or white tail is often two colors

APH Overo

white will usually not cross the back of the horse between its withers and tail one or all four legs are dark head markings are bald, apron, or bonnet faced tail is usually one color

APH Tovero

dark pigmentation around the ears and mouth blue eyes smaller spots that extend forward across the barrel and up over the loin spots at base of tail

What hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?

GnRH and Oxytocin

What does GnRH do

signals release of LH & FSH

What does oxytocin do?

uterine contractions milk letdown

What hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary?

FSH & LH

What does FSH do

initiates a new follicular wave

What does LH do

initiates ovulation

What hormones are produced in the ovary

P4 & E2

What does P4 do

maintain pregnancy

What does E2 do

suppresses FSH, responsible for behavioral signs of estrus

What type of uterus do a cow, ewe, mare, sow, bitch have?

Bicornuate

What is the difference between duplex and bicornuate uterus?

Duplex has 2 cervix, no uterine body, & can have 1 or 2 vaginas

Where do bulls and sheep ejaculate vs where do boars ejaculate?

Bulls & sheep ejaculate in vagina and boars ejaculate in cervix

What are the three parts of the oviduct

1st part: isthmus 2nd part: ampula 3rd part: infundibulum

Where does fertilization occur?

In the ampulary-isthmic junction

Uterotubal junction

junction between the uterine horn and oviduct "door" for the sperm

Gametogenic in the ovary produces and endocrine produces

eggs hormones

What are the three basic structures of the ovaries

Follicle Corpus luteum Corpus albicans

What are the protective, supporting structures of the male reproductive tract

Scrotum Spermatic cord External cremaster & Tunica dartos muscle Pampiniform plexus Sheath

What is pampiniform plexus necessary for and not

necessary for spermatogenesis not testosterone production

Describe the epididymus

tube leading from the testis collects & stores sperm divided into head, body, tail (caput, corpus, cauda)

Vas Deferens

- tubal passageway for sperm/ejaculate mix - connects epididymus and urethra

What species have a fibroelastic penis and which ones have a vascular penis?

Fibroelastic: bull, ram, boar Vascular: stallion, dog, cat, man

Accessory sex glands all contribute to

seminal fluid volume, support nutrition of sperm, pH buffers

Sperm production is controlled by

FSH

Testosterone production is stimulated by

LH (luteinizing hormone)