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PSY352P > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Both ___________ and__________ play a significant role in anxiety disorders.

A

anxiety, fear

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2
Q

Anxiety often involves __________ arousal, and fear involves ___________ arousal.

A

moderate, higher

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3
Q

Anxiety is a ________-oriented mood state

A

future
concern about something negative that could happen at some point in the future, close to a mood (experience that persists)

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4
Q

Fear is a ________-oriented mood state

A

present
a threat is happening right now, close to an emotion

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5
Q

High Road to Fear

A

one signal goes to cerebral cortex, slow but accurate

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6
Q

Low Road to Fear

A

one signal goes to limbic system/amygdala and other related areas, rapid but not always accurate

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7
Q

Anxiety and fear can be…

A

adaptive (helpful) and maladaptive

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8
Q

In some anxiety disorders, the fear system seems to _________ — a person experiences fear even when no danger is present in the environment

A

misfire

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9
Q

The balance of _____________ neurons and ______________ neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala may calibrate fear responses.

A

oxytocin-sensitive, vasopressin-sensitive

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10
Q

Role of ___________ is stronger for some disorders than others

A

environment

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11
Q

Neuroticism

A

personality trait associated with frequent experience of negative affect, tends to worry a lot, experiences negative moods

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12
Q

those high in neuroticism are ______ more likely to develop anxiety disorder

A

2x

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13
Q

Behavioral inhibition

A

tendency to become agitated (or overly cautious) in the presence of novelty

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14
Q

infants high in behavioral inhibition are ________ more likely to develop social anxiety disorder as an adolescent

A

3x

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15
Q

___________ disorders are the most common type of psychological disorder

A

anxiety

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16
Q
  • Excessive uncontrollable apprehension and worry about number of events
  • 6 months+
A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

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17
Q

Only ________% of people with GAD receive treatment

A

10

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18
Q

Probability Overestimation (common cognitive error in GAD)

A

overestimates the probability that a negative event is going to happen

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19
Q

CBT treatment for GAD is a ________-term treatment approach

A

short

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20
Q

CBT has a __________ effect size than medication

A

larger

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21
Q

A person perceives a garden hose and immediately screams as if it is a real snake. This fear response is primarily due to:

A

Information relayed quickly via the sensory thalamus (low road)

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22
Q

Heritability studies suggest that the underlying cause of most anxiety disorders is likely due to:

A

Unique environment

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23
Q

A defining feature of GAD is:

A

Uncontrollable worry about a lot of different things

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24
Q

Panic attacks reach a peak within _____ minutes and last no more than _____ minutes

A

10, 30

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25
Q

Report a fear of dying, heart attack, going crazy

A

panic attack

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26
Q

Persistent anxiety or worry about having another panic attack

A

panic disorder

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27
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear or avoidance of situations/events

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28
Q

symptoms and concern for panic disorder persists for ____ month or more and impacts _____________

A

1, functioning

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29
Q

__________ is a major source of norepinephrine in the brain

A

Locus coeruleus

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30
Q

Locus coeruleus fires in response to ________, releases _______________, increased heart rate, sweating

A

stress, norepinephrine

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31
Q

Locus coeruleus may be more easily activated in people with _____________

A

panic disorder

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32
Q

When _____________ is part of a treatment package, this creates the largest treatment effect for panic disorder

A

exposure

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33
Q

An intense and persistent fear of an object or situation that does not pose a real threat

A

specific phobia

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34
Q

Onset of specific phobia tends to __________ onset of another disorder

A

precede

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35
Q

Specific phobias treatment requires _________ and __________ exposure to feared stimuli

A

structured, consistent

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36
Q

Key elements of exposure treatment for specific phobias:

A

graduated exposure
activate fear and learn not in danger
learn anxiety will peak then subside
generalization and overcoming avoidance

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37
Q

Two of the more common phobias:

A

claustrophobia and acrophobia

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38
Q

acrophobia

A

fear of heights

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39
Q

a person with a specific phobia for one type of object or situation is very likely to have a specific phobia for a second object or situation—that is, specific phobias are highly ____________

A

comorbid

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40
Q

The core feature of _________________ is a persistent, unrealistically intense fear of social situations that might involve being scrutinized by, or even just exposed to, unfamiliar people.

A

social anxiety disorder

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41
Q

______________ is characterized by recurrent panic attacks that are unrelated to specific situations and by worry about having more panic attacks

A

Panic disorder

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42
Q

depersonalization

A

a feeling of being outside one’s body

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43
Q

derealization

A

a feeling of the world not being real

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44
Q

the criteria for panic disorder specify that panic attacks must be ____________

A

recurrent

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45
Q

______________ is defined by anxiety about situations from which it would be embarrassing or difficult to escape if anxiety symptoms occurred

A

Agoraphobia

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46
Q

a state of apprehension often accompanied by mild autonomic arousal

A

anxiety

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47
Q

thinking about potential problems, often without settling on a solution

A

worry

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48
Q

In epidemiologic studies that conduct just one interview with people about whether they met diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder, the estimated lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders is:

A

28%

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49
Q

The key symptom of GAD is: _________

A

worry

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50
Q

____________ are more vulnerable to anxiety disorders, with several studies documenting a 2 to 1 gender ratio

A

Women

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51
Q

______________, a disorder that is similar to panic disorder, occurs among the Inuit people of western Greenland; seal hunters who are alone at sea may experience intense fear, disorientation, and concerns about drowning.

A

Kayak-angst

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52
Q

Countries with high levels of income inequality, such as _________________, have much higher rates of anxiety disorders than do most other regions of the world

A

the United States and European countries

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53
Q

Mowrer’s two-factor model

A

Mowrer’s theory of conditioning according to which (1) fear is attached to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with a noxious unconditioned stimulus, and (2) a person learns to avoid the conditioned stimulus and so extinction of the conditioning is prevented.

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54
Q

Neutral predictable unpredictable (NPU) threat task

A

A laboratory task designed to test sensitivity to unpredictable versus predictable threats. Participants are exposed to threat conditions in which they could receive a shock. In the predictable threat condition, there is a cue warning when the shock will occur. In the unpredictable threat condition, there is no cue warning when the shock will occur.

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55
Q

A set of brain structures is engaged when people feel anxious or fearful. Although some have referred to this set of regions as the ___________, this label has been criticized because these structures are also activated during many different emotion-related experiences.

A

fear circuit

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56
Q

The _______________ helps to regulate amygdala activity—it is involved in extinguishing fears, in conscious processing of anxiety and fear, and in regulation of emotions

A

medial prefrontal cortex

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57
Q

The anxiety disorders appear to be related to heightened activity in the ______________ and diminished activity of the _______________ in response to threatening stimuli.

A

amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex

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58
Q

_____________ allow a person to maintain overly negative cognitions

A

safety behaviors

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59
Q

tendency of people with social phobia to avoid looking at other people (so as to avoid perceiving negative feedback) is an example of

A

a safety behavior

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60
Q

tendency of people with panic disorder to avoid exercise (so as to avoid somatic arousal that could trigger a panic attack)

A

a safety behavior

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61
Q

Cognitive variables found to correlate with anxiety disorders include:

A

attention to signs of threat, lack of perceived control

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62
Q

A key structure related to anxiety disorders is the:

A

amygdala

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63
Q

The first step in Mowrer’s two-factor model involves __________________ conditioning, and the second step involves __________________ conditioning.

A

classical, operant

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64
Q

evolution may have biologically “prepared” us to learn fear of certain stimuli very quickly and automatically; hence, this type of learning is called ______________.

A

prepared learning

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65
Q

Interoceptive conditioning

A

Classical conditioning of panic attacks in response to internal bodily sensations of arousal (as opposed to the external situations that trigger anxiety).

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66
Q

The propensity toward catastrophic interpretations can be detected before panic disorder develops, most commonly using the Bodily Concerns subscale of the ____________________, which measures the extent to which people respond fearfully to their bodily sensations

A

Anxiety Sensitivity Index

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67
Q

The principal cognitive model for the etiology of agoraphobia is the ______________, which suggests that agoraphobia is driven by negative thoughts about the consequences of experiencing anxiety in public.

A

fear-of-fear hypothesis

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68
Q

Core to this model is the finding that people diagnosed with GAD find it highly aversive to experience rapid shifts in emotions. According to this theory, to ward off sudden shifts in emotion, people with GAD find it preferable to sustain a chronic state of worry and distress.

A

contrast avoidance model

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69
Q

Drugs that reduce anxiety are referred to as __________

A

anxiolytics

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70
Q

Two types of medications that are most commonly used for the treatment of anxiety disorders:

A

benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium and Xanax) and antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

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71
Q

List two reasons antidepressant medications are preferred to benzodiazepines for the treatment of most anxiety disorders.

A

Side effects are more severe with benzodiazepines compared with antidepressant medications; there is a risk of addiction with benzodiazepines

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72
Q

Uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts that cause anxiety are called:

A

Obsessions

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73
Q

Preoccupation with imagined defect in appearance is a key feature of:

A

Body dysmorphic disorder

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74
Q

Which treatment is typically ineffective for body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Plastic surgery

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75
Q

Most people who experience a trauma will develop PTSD.

A

False

76
Q

Person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts and/or behaviors that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

77
Q

Repetitive behaviors that a person with OCD feels the urge to do in response to an obsessive thought

A

compulsions

78
Q

A person with OCD generally can’t control his or her thoughts or behaviors even when they are ____________

A

excessive

79
Q

Demanding therapy can be difficult to engage patients in ______________

A

ERP (Exposure with Response Prevention)

80
Q

Associated behaviors with Body Dysmorphic Disorder:

A

compulsive checking (mirror checking, touching)
Significant efforts to hide imagined defect
Avoidance of normal (often social) activities
Not restricted to weight or body fat

81
Q

The onset for Body Dysmorphic Disorder is usually in _____________

A

adolescence (teenagers)

82
Q

psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, exposure and ritual prevention, strategies to modify self-defeating assumptions about the importance of appearance

A

CBT for BDD (CBT-BDD)

83
Q

nondirective therapy emphasizes psychoeducation, therapeutic relationship, and self-esteem

A

supportive treatment for BDD

84
Q

For PTSD, symptoms have to last for at least _______ month

A

1

85
Q

Acute Stress Disorder is considered ______________ following trauma

A

3 days to 1 month

86
Q

________________ to help in aftermath of trauma, focusing on addressing initial needs and concerns by providing support and resources

A

psychological first aid

87
Q

______________ is generally not recommended for Acute Stress Disorder and can even lead to worse outcomes than no treatment.

A

psychological debriefing

88
Q

Which mood disorder is defined by severe temper outbursts in childhood?

A

Disruptive mood dysregulation

89
Q

Which gender has the highest rates of major depressive disorder:

A

Women

90
Q

Life stress always precedes onset of MDD.

A

False

91
Q

Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression is much more effective (in the LONG-TERM) than ____________

A

medication

92
Q

For someone who has not responded to a variety of previous depression treatments, which treatment is most likely to be successful?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

93
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

A

sad most of the day, nearly every day + 3 additional symptoms of MDD for at least a 2 year period

94
Q

anhedonia

A

lack of interest in things that one used to enjoy

95
Q

average duration of major depressive disorder

A

4-9 months

96
Q

mean age of onset for major depressive disorder is ________

A

25

97
Q

Younger age cohorts are more likely to experience ____________ than older age cohorts

A

MDD

98
Q

___________ is the tendency to repetitively think about one’s shortcomings or failures

A

Rumination

99
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression was developed by __________

A

Aaron Beck

100
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

Brief, structured, directive, treatment focused on symptoms

101
Q

Increase behavioral activity to counteract anhedonia, can be stand-alone treatment or combined with cognitive therapy

A

Behavioral Activation (BA)

102
Q

____________ are most commonly prescribed for MDD because they are more tolerable and have fewer ____________

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), side effects

103
Q

Increases in ____________ volume with ECT

A

grey matter

104
Q

______________ is a region that is implicated in the processing of sadness, helps regulate sleep and appetite, emotion responses, and memory

A

subgenual cortex

105
Q

Follow-up studies suggest high rates of relapse for ______________

A

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

106
Q

suicidal ideation

A

thoughts of killing oneself

107
Q

suicide attempt

A

behavior intended to kill oneself

108
Q

suicide

A

death from deliberate self-injury

109
Q

non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI):

A

behaviors intended to cause immediate injury to oneself without intent to die

110
Q

men are more likely to ________ suicide than women

A

complete
use more lethal methods (guns)

111
Q

women are more likely to ________ suicide than men

A

attempt
use less lethal methods (pills)

112
Q

most gun deaths in the US are due to _________, not __________

A

suicide, homicide

113
Q

One of the only interventions to show a reduction in death by suicide in a randomized controlled trial

A

Caring contact

114
Q

For depression, thoughts and movements may slow for some (_________________), but others cannot sit still—they pace, fidget, and wring their hands (_________________).

A

psychomotor retardation, psychomotor agitation

115
Q

Rather, depressive severity appears to operate as a continuum, with increases in functional impairment and suicidality as the number of ___________ increases.

A

symptoms

116
Q

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an ___________ disorder, because symptoms tend to be present for a period and then clear. Even though episodes tend to dissipate over time, an untreated episode may persist for 6 months or even longer.

A

episodic

117
Q

Cases of winter depression, or ________________, are more commonly reported farther from the equator, where winter days are shorter.

A

seasonal affective disorder

118
Q

effective treatment for patients with seasonal depression

A

light therapy

119
Q

Moirama says that during her episode of major depression, she was unable to get out of bed, and did not eat or shower. Which characteristic of a mental disorder best describes this aspect of Major Depressive Disorder?

A

disability

120
Q

The rate at which women experience depression is ________ that of men.

A

twice

121
Q

In the United States, what ratio of women will experience depression at some time in their lives?

A

one out of five

122
Q

Major depressive disorder is diagnosed based on at least _________ symptoms lasting at least _________ weeks.

A

five (including mood), two

123
Q

Approximately _________% of people will experience major depressive disorder during their lifetime.

A

16.2

124
Q

Chronicity; MDD is diagnosed on the basis of five symptoms lasting at least 2 weeks; persistent depressive disorder requires only __________ symptoms, but they must be present for 2 years (or 1 year in children and adolescents)

A

two

125
Q

The criteria for diagnosis of bipolar I disorder (formerly known as manic-depressive disorder) include at least ______ episode of mania during a person’s life.

A

one
In fact, even someone who experienced only 1 week of manic symptoms years ago is still diagnosed with bipolar I disorder.

126
Q

___________ is a state of intense elation or irritability, along with abnormally increased activity and other symptoms shown in the diagnostic criteria.

A

Mania

127
Q

During manic episodes, people may be difficult to interrupt and may shift rapidly from topic to topic, reflecting an underlying _____________.

A

flight of ideas

128
Q

For a manic episode:

A

Symptoms last at least 1 week, require hospitalization, or include psychosis
Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment

129
Q

For a hypomanic episode:

A

Symptoms last at least 4 days
Clear changes in functioning are observable to others, but impairment is not marked
No psychotic symptoms are present

130
Q

__________________ is defined by at least one hypomanic episode and at least one depressive episode during a person’s life.

A

Bipolar II disorder

131
Q

In _______________, the person has frequent but mild symptoms of depression, alternating with mild symptoms of mania.

A

cyclothymic disorder

132
Q

Bipolar disorder is much __________ than MDD.

A

rarer

133
Q

Bipolar Disorder has also been referred to as ________.

A

manic depression

134
Q

Bipolar Disorder must include episodes of ________, but may also include episodes of ________

A

mania; depression

135
Q

When Doug mentions going “up and down,” he is referring to the manic and depressive episodes involved in Bipolar Disorder. This recurring change from one episode to another is referred to as ________.

A

cycling

136
Q

Doug states, “I can’t do anything when it comes to real life.” Which of the following characteristics of a mental disorder best describes Doug’s statement?

A

Both disability and distress

137
Q

What treatment is not commonly used for Bipolar Disorder?

A

Psychotherapy alone

138
Q

Dr. Andrew Stoll describes a state in which a person has a deep dark mood, low energy, can’t sleep, and can’t eat. He is referring to what type of episode involved in Bipolar Disorder?

A

Depressive

139
Q

Bipolar I disorder is diagnosed on the basis of manic episodes, which are more severe than the ___________ episodes that are the core criterion for bipolar II disorder.

A

hypomanic

140
Q

Bipolar disorder is among the most __________ of disorders

A

heritable

141
Q

Dopamine plays a major role in the sensitivity of the ______________ in the brain, which is believed to guide pleasure, motivation, and energy in the context of opportunities to obtain rewards

A

reward system

142
Q

people with __________ syndrome, which involves overly high levels of cortisol, frequently experience depressive symptoms

A

Cushing

143
Q

Cortisol levels increase sharply as people wake and then in the 30–40 minutes after waking, a pattern that is called the ___________________

A

cortisol awakening response (CAR)

144
Q

____________________—defined as a family member’s critical or hostile comments toward or emotional overinvolvement with the person with depression.

A

expressed emotion (EE)

145
Q

Several longitudinal studies suggest that _______________, a personality trait that involves the tendency to experience frequent and intense negative affect, predicts the onset of depression

A

neuroticism

146
Q

Aaron Beck (1967) argued that depression is associated with a _______________: negative views of the self, the world, and the future.

A

negative triad

147
Q

Once activated, negative schemas are believed to cause negative _________________, or tendencies to process information in certain negative ways.

A

information-processing biases

148
Q

According to _______________, the most important trigger of depression is hopelessness, which is defined by the belief that desirable outcomes will not occur and that there is nothing a person can do to change this. The model places emphasis on two key dimensions of ______________—the explanations a person forms about why a stressor has occurred

A

hopelessness theory, attributions

149
Q

Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (1991) suggested that a way of thinking called _______________ may increase the risk of depression. ______________ is defined as a tendency to repetitively dwell on sad experiences and thoughts or to chew on material again and again.

A

rumination, Rumination

150
Q

polymorphism of the ________________ that appears to be related to MDD

A

serotonin transporter gene

151
Q

Depression is tied to what indicator of HPA activity?

A

heightened cortisol awakening response

152
Q

One brain region that appears to be overly active in response to emotion stimuli among people with mood disorders is the:

A

amygdala

153
Q

An adaptation of CT called _____________________ focuses on preventing relapse after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of major depression

A

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

154
Q

Because depression is often tied to relationship problems, including marital distress, researchers have studied ________________ as a treatment for depression. In this approach, researchers work with both members of a couple to improve communication and relationship satisfaction.

A

behavioral couples therapy

155
Q

___________ is designed to help people learn about the symptoms of the disorder, the expected time course of symptoms, the triggers for symptoms, and treatment strategies.

A

Psychoeducation
Educating people about their illness is a common component of treating many disorders, including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

156
Q

___________, a naturally occurring chemical element, was the first mood stabilizer identified.

A

Lithium

157
Q

Which psychotherapies have obtained support from randomized controlled trials in the treatment of MDD?

A

interpersonal psychotherapy, behavioral activation therapy, and cognitive therapy

158
Q

The most efficacious treatment for MDD with psychotic features is:

A

ECT

159
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are more popular than other antidepressants because they:

A

have fewer side effects

160
Q

Beyond prevention programs that target high-risk individuals, another approach to suicide prevention is ___________, which involves making highly lethal methods less available

A

means restriction

161
Q

Suicide rates increase after media reports of both noncelebrity and celebrity suicides.

A

False

162
Q

____________ is defined as apprehension over an anticipated problem

A

Anxiety

163
Q

___________ is defined as a reaction to immediate danger.

A

fear

164
Q

For people with _________________, the need to acquire is excessive, but the bigger problem is that they abhor parting with their objects, even when others cannot see any potential value in them.

A

hoarding disorder

165
Q

Gavin describes how he must scratch both the left side and the right side of his face. Next, since he already scratched the left side first, now he must scratch the right side of his face and then the left side. This is an example of “evenness,” which is a common focus of obsessions and compulsions in OCD. This theme is typically referred to as _____.

A

symmetry

166
Q

Gavin states that he often does behaviors in fours, or four times four. It is common for individuals with OCD to focus on certain numbers they believe are “safe.” This type of compulsion is typically referred to as _____.

A

counting

167
Q

Brain-imaging studies indicate that three regions of the fronto-striatal circuits are unusually active in people with OCD: the _____________ (an area of the medial prefrontal cortex located just above the eyes), the ______________ (part of the basal ganglia), and the __________________

A

orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, anterior cingulate cortex

168
Q

Several researchers have shown that people with OCD tend to believe that (1) thinking about something is as morally wrong as engaging in the action or (2) thinking about an event can make it more likely to occur. These types of beliefs have been labeled as _______________.

A

thought–action fusion

169
Q

To rid themselves of these uncomfortable thoughts, people with OCD are more likely to attempt _________________________

A

thought suppression

170
Q

The most widely used psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders is _________________.

A

exposure and response prevention (ERP)

171
Q

Ken says left his wife and family because he was dissatisfied and “drawn to something else - there was something else I had to be doing, and staying with the marriage wasn’t it.” Which symptom of PTSD may account for this behavior?

A

Feeling of detachment or estrangement from others

172
Q

What treatment is most effective in treating PTSD?

A

exposure therapy

173
Q

Jennifer says she avoids situations in films and media that will get her worked up because of their similarity to the traumatic events she experienced. These experiences are grouped into which of the major categories of PTSD symptoms?

A

Avoidance

174
Q

Jennifer says she will watch something upsetting and know she is getting worked up, but be unable to calm down. These experiences are grouped into which of the major categories of PTSD symptoms?

A

Increased arousal

175
Q

________________________ and ________________________ are FDA-approved for treatment-resistant OCD.

A

Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS)

176
Q

___________________ entails an extreme response to a severe stressor.

A

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

177
Q

______________ is the most common type of trauma preceding PTSD for men.

A

Military trauma

178
Q

Like PTSD, ______________________ is considered as a diagnosis when symptoms occur after a trauma. The symptoms are similar to those of PTSD, but the duration is shorter; this diagnosis is applicable only when the symptoms last for 3 days to 1 month.

A

acute stress disorder (ASD)

179
Q

The _________ diagnosis can be considered when symptoms have lasted less than 1 month, whereas the _________ diagnosis can be considered when symptoms have lasted at least 1 month

A

ASD, PTSD

180
Q

four clusters of symptoms considered in the diagnosis of PTSD:

A

intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and changes in arousal and reactivity

181
Q

People with PTSD show heightened activation of the ____________ when completing various tasks.

A

hippocampus

182
Q

Survivors of natural disasters, such as the Japanese earthquake in 2011, are at risk for PTSD, but their risk may not be as high as that of people who experience…

A

traumas caused by humans, such as assaults

183
Q

Much of the work on avoidance coping focuses on symptoms of _____________, such as feeling removed from one’s body or emotions or being unable to remember the event.

A

dissociation

184
Q

Psychological treatments are more powerful than medications for the treatment of ____________

A

PTSD

185
Q

Often, it may not be feasible or safe to return to the scene of a horrible trauma, and therapists use __________________—that is, the person deliberately remembers the event.

A

imaginal exposure

186
Q

Cognitive therapy, when added to exposure for PTSD, is particularly helpful in addressing:

A

guilt

187
Q

__________ may be more easily activated in people with panic disorder

A

Locus coeruleus

PSY352P (7 decks)

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