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PSY352P > Ch. 2: Current Approaches in Psychopathology > Flashcards

Ch. 2: Current Approaches in Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

The smallest portion of DNA within a chromosome that functions as a piece of functional hereditary information.

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2
Q

Each chromosome is made up of many ________, the carriers of the genetic information (DNA) passed from parents to child.

A

genes

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3
Q

People have between __________ and __________ genes; the absolute number is hard to fully estimate

A

20,000 and 25,000

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4
Q

Gene expression

A

The switching on and off of the reading (transcription and translation) of genes to form their products (usually proteins) and thus their associated phenotypes.

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5
Q

psychopathology is ___________, meaning that the influence of several genes, perhaps operating at different times during development, turning themselves on and off as they interact with a person’s environment, is the essence of genetic vulnerability.

A

polygenic

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6
Q

______________ refers to the extent to which variability in a particular behavior (or disorder) in a population can be accounted for by genetic influences.

A

Heritability

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7
Q

__________________ is the study of THE DEGREE to which genes and environmental factors influence behavior. Not the study of how genes or the environment determines behavior.

A

Behavior genetics

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8
Q

The total genetic makeup of an individual, consisting of inherited genes, is referred to as the ____________ (the physical sequence of DNA); cannot be observed outwardly.

A

genotype

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

The totality of physical characteristics and behavioral traits of an individual or of a particular trait exhibited by an individual; the product of interactions between genetics and the environment over the course of development.

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10
Q

the totality of observable behavioral characteristics, such as level of anxiety, is referred to as the ___________.

A

phenotype

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11
Q

Molecular genetics

A

Studies that seek to determine the components of a trait that are heritable by identifying relevant genes and their functions.

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12
Q

Different forms of the same gene are called _________.

A

alleles

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13
Q

A genetic ______________ refers to a difference in DNA sequence on a gene that has occurred in a population.

A

polymorphism

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14
Q

SNPs are the most common types of _________________ in the human genome, with nearly 10 million different SNPs identified thus far.

A

polymorphisms

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15
Q

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

A

A variation in gene sequence. Specifically, differences between people in a single nucleotide (A, T, G, or C) in the DNA sequence of a particular gene.

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16
Q

Copy number variation (CNV)

A

Refers to variation in gene structure involving copy number changes in a defined chromosomal region; could be in the form of a deletion where a copy is deleted or an addition (duplication) where an extra copy is added.

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17
Q

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

A

Studies of variations in the entire human genome to identify associations of genetic variants with particular behaviors, traits, or disorders. Large sample sizes are needed for these types of studies.

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18
Q

A ____________________ means that a given person’s sensitivity to an environmental event is influenced by genes.

A

gene–environment interaction

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19
Q

If a person has gene XYZ, he or she might respond to a snakebite by developing a fear of snakes. A person without the XYZ gene would not develop a fear of snakes after being bitten.

A

gene–environment interaction

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20
Q

The study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function is called ______________

A

epigenetics

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21
Q

term for “above or outside the gene”

A

epigenetics

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22
Q

_________ refers to different forms of the same gene; _________ refers to different genes contributing to a disorder.

A

Allele; polygenic

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23
Q

SNPs tell us about the _________ of genes, and CNVs tell us about the _________ of genes.

A

sequence; structure

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24
Q

neuron =

A

a single nerve cell

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25
Q

Between the terminal endings of the sending axon and the cell membrane of the receiving neuron there is a small gap, called the _____________

A

synapse

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26
Q

_____________________ are chemicals that allow neurons to send a signal across the synapse to another neuron.

A

Neurotransmitters

27
Q

Not all of the released neurotransmitter has found its way to postsynaptic receptors. Some of what remains in the synapse is broken down by enzymes, and some is taken back into the presynaptic cell through a process called ___________

A

reuptake

28
Q

______________ and ___________ are neurotransmitters that may be involved in depression, mania, and schizophrenia

A

Serotonin; dopamine

29
Q

_______________ is a neurotransmitter that communicates with the sympathetic nervous system, where it is involved in producing states of high arousal and may be involved in the anxiety disorders and other stress-related condition

A

Norepinephrine

30
Q

_________________________ inhibits nerve impulses throughout most areas of the brain and may be involved in the anxiety disorders.

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

31
Q

The cortex of the human brain is composed of the neurons that form the thin outer covering of the brain, the so-called ______________ of the brain

A

gray matter

32
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

A region of the cortex in the anterior frontal lobes involved in executive function and emotion regulation that is implicated in mood and anxiety disorders.

33
Q

Much of the interior is ________________, made up of large tracts of myelinated (sheathed) fibers that connect cell bodies in the cortex with those in the spinal cord and in other areas of the brain.

A

white matter

34
Q

Deep within the brain are cavities called ____________. These ventricles are filled with _____________. It circulates through the brain through these, which are connected with the ______________.

A

ventricles
cerebrospinal fluid
spinal cord

35
Q

This is one of the key brain structures for psychopathology researchers, given the ubiquity of emotional problems in the psychological disorders.

A

amygdala

36
Q

Important structures are the anterior cingulate; the _______________, which is associated with memory; the _______________, which regulates metabolism, temperature, perspiration, blood pressure, sleeping, and appetite; and the ____________, which is an important area for attention to emotionally salient stimuli.

A

hippocampus
hypothalamus
amygdala

37
Q

The gray matter of the brain continues to develop, filling with cells, until early adolescence. Then, somewhat surprisingly, a number of synaptic connections begin to be eliminated—a process called ____________.

A

pruning

38
Q

Most current research on the brain and psychopathology examines not just areas or regions of the brain, but rather the ______________ between different areas of the brain

A

connectivity

39
Q

Structural (or anatomical) connectivity

A

refers to how different structures of the brain are connected via white matter

40
Q

Functional connectivity

A

refers to the connectivity between brain regions based on correlations between their blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals measured with a brain imaging method called fMRI

41
Q

Brain networks

A

Clusters of brain regions that are connected to one another as indicated by correlations between activation in these regions when people perform certain types of tasks or are at rest.

42
Q

The HPA axis is the neuroendocrine connections among _______________, _________________, and _________________, central to the body’s response to stress.

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
adrenal cortex

43
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

The division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions; innervates endocrine glands, smooth muscle, and heart muscle; and initiates the physiological changes that are part of the expression of emotion.

44
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that acts on bodily systems—for example, contracting the blood vessels, reducing activity of the intestines, and increasing the heartbeat—to prepare the organism for exertion, emotional stress, or extreme cold.

45
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that is involved with maintenance; controls many of the internal organs and is active primarily when the organism is not aroused.

46
Q

Cortisol

A

A “stress hormone” secreted by the adrenal cortices; helps the body prepare to face threats.

47
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins that help initiate bodily responses to infection.

48
Q

_________are part of the immune system and are associated with disorders such as _________ and _________.

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines; depression; schizophrenia

49
Q

In one type of behavior therapy for depression called __________________, a therapist helps a person identify and engage in tasks and behaviors that provide an opportunity for positive reinforcement.

A

behavioral activation (BA) therapy

50
Q

____________ treatment is one of the most well-supported approaches for anxiety disorders.

A

Exposure

51
Q

Cognition

A

The process of knowing; the thinking, judging, reasoning, and planning activities of the human mind. Behavior is now often explained as depending on these processes.

52
Q

Schema

A

A mental structure for organizing information about the world.

53
Q

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

A

Behavior therapy that incorporates theory and research on cognitive processes such as thoughts, perceptions, judgments, self-statements, and tacit assumptions; a blend of both the cognitive and behavioral approaches.

54
Q

_____________________ is a general term for changing a pattern of thought.

A

Cognitive restructuring

55
Q

_____________ developed a cognitive theory of depression and a cognitive behavioral therapy for people with depression.

A

Aaron Beck

56
Q

_________________ is based on the idea that anxiety will extinguish if a bad outcome or harm does not occur.

A

exposure

57
Q

One technique that seeks to remove positive reinforcement is called: ____________________.

A

time-out

58
Q

Emotion consists of many components, including ____________, _____________, and _____________.

A

expression, experience, and physiology.

59
Q

Interpersonal therapy (IPT)

A

A short-term, here-and-now-focused psychological treatment initially developed for depression and influenced by the psychodynamic emphasis on relationships.

60
Q

Sociocultural influences, such as ________, __________, _________, and _________________, are important influences in the study of psychopathology.

A

culture, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status

61
Q

_______________ models suggest that some people are more vulnerable to effects of life stress than others

A

Diathesis stress

62
Q

___________ is a person who deviates from common behavior patterns or displays odd or whimsical behavior

A

Eccentric

63
Q

Jerome Wakefield suggested concept of _____________________: disorder requires both a scientific judgement that there exists a failure of an internal mechanism to perform naturally selected functions and a value judgement that the design failure harms the individual

A

harmful dysfunction

PSY352P (7 decks)

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