Ch. 1: Intro and Historical Overview Flashcards
Psychopathology
The field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders.
Asylums
Refuges established in western Europe in the 15th century to confine and provide for people with mental illness; forerunners of the mental hospital.
Attention seems to have turned to people with psychological disorders, and the old leprosy hospitals were converted to ____________
asylums
Jean-Baptiste Pussin
stopped the practice of chaining and beating patients in asylums, promoted patient freedom
Reform for asylums began late in the ______ century
18th
Philippe Pinel
continued reforms from Pussin; moral therapy
talk with patients and give advice rather them locking them in dungeons and bloodletting
treat patients as normally as possible
_____________________ has often been considered a primary figure in the movement for more humane treatment of people with psychological disorders in asylums.
Philippe Pinel
Behaviorism
An approach originally associated with John B. Watson, who proposed a focus on observable behavior rather than on consciousness or mental functioning.
three types of learning that influenced the behaviorist approach in the early and middle parts of the 20th century and that continue to be influential today:
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling.
______________ a Russian physiologist and Nobel laureate, made important contributions to the research and theory of classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
In this classical conditioning experiment, because the meat powder automatically elicits salivation with no prior learning, the powder is termed an __________________________ and the response of salivation an _________________________. When the offering of meat powder is preceded several times by a neutral stimulus, the ringing of a bell, the sound of the bell alone (_________________________) can elicit the salivary response (________________________).
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
unconditioned response (UCR)
the conditioned stimulus, or CS
the conditioned response, or CR
Clinical psychologist
An individual who has earned a Ph.D. degree or a Psy.D. degree and whose training has included an internship in a hospital or clinic.
Clinical psychologists are trained to deliver ________________.
psychotherapy
Defense mechanisms
In Freud’s theory, reality-distorting strategies UNCONSCIOUSLY adopted to protect the ego from anxiety.
Ego
In Freud’s theory, the predominantly conscious part of the personality, responsible for decision making and for dealing with reality.
The task of the _________ is to deal with reality, and it mediates between the demands of reality and the _________ demands for immediate gratification.
ego, id’s
According to Freud, the _________ is present at birth and is the repository of all the energy needed to run the mind
id
Id
In Freud’s theory, that part of the personality present at birth, comprising all the energy of the psyche and expressed as biological urges that strive continually for gratification.
Superego
In Freud’s theory, the part of the personality that acts as the conscience and reflects society’s moral standards as learned from parents and teachers.
The ____________—the third part of the mind in Freud’s theory—can be roughly conceived of as a person’s conscience. Freud believed that this develops throughout childhood.
superego
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A treatment that produces a convulsion by passing electric current through the brain; despite public concerns about this treatment, it can be useful in alleviating severe depression for some people.
The belief that odd behavior was caused by possession led to treating it by _____________, the ritualistic casting out of evil spirits.
exorcism
Extinction
The elimination of a classically conditioned response by the omission of the unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, the elimination of a behavior by the omission of reinforcement.
ex. if repeated soundings of the bell are not followed by meat powder, fewer and fewer CRs (salivations) are elicited, and the CR gradually disappears.
law of effect
Behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated, and behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged.
ex. If you study and then get a good grade on a test, you will be more likely to study for the next exam.
Edward Thorndike studied the effects of consequences on behavior. Thorndike formulated what was to become an extremely important principle, __________________.
the law of effect
Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others or teaching by demonstrating and providing opportunities for imitation.
Modeling
Moral treatment
A therapeutic regimen whereby mentally ill patients were released from their restraints and were treated with compassion and dignity rather than with contempt and denigration.
______________________________ also strengthens a response, but it does so via the removal of an aversive event, such as when the beeping noise in your car stops once you fasten your seatbelt
Negative reinforcement
___________________________ refers to the strengthening of a tendency to respond by virtue of the presentation of a pleasant event
Positive reinforcement
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) introduced the concept of __________________________, so called because it applies to behavior that operates on the environment.
operant conditioning
In ____________________ treatments, the goal of the therapist is to understand the person’s early childhood experiences, the nature of key relationships, and the patterns in current relationships. Primarily the therapy procedures pioneered by Freud.
psychoanalytic
For example, a person might feel that the analyst is generally bored by what he or she is saying and as a result might struggle to be entertaining; this pattern of response might reflect the person’s childhood relationship with a parent rather than what’s going on between the person and the analyst.
transference
Psychotherapy
A primarily verbal means of helping troubled individuals change their thoughts, feelings, and behavior to reduce distress and to achieve greater life satisfaction.
key features of psychological disorders
distress, disability or impaired functioning, violation of social norms, and harmful dysfunction.
Stigma
The destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society about groups considered different in some manner, such as people with mental illness.
The central assumption of Freud’s theorizing was that psychopathology results from ____________ conflicts in the individual
unconscious
_________ developed the cathartic method, which _________ later built on in the development of psychoanalysis.
Breuer, Freud
The _________ is driven by the pleasure principle, but the _________ is driven by the reality principle.
id, ego
In psychoanalysis, _________ refers to interpreting the relationship between therapist and client as indicative of the client’s relationship to others.
transference
_______________ was the first to propose that psychological disorders had a biological cause
Hippocrates
____________________ is defined as behavior that interferes with an individual’s activities of daily living or ability to adjust to and participate in particular settings
Maladaptive behavior
__________________ was the driving force of deinstitutionalization in the late 1950s
Thorazine (an antipsychotic)
