Ch. 1: Intro and Historical Overview

Question 1

Psychopathology

Answer 1

The field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 2

Asylums

Answer 2

Refuges established in western Europe in the 15th century to confine and provide for people with mental illness; forerunners of the mental hospital.

Question 3

Attention seems to have turned to people with psychological disorders, and the old leprosy hospitals were converted to ____________

Answer 3

asylums

Question 4

Jean-Baptiste Pussin

Answer 4

stopped the practice of chaining and beating patients in asylums, promoted patient freedom

Question 5

Reform for asylums began late in the ______ century

Answer 5

18th

Question 6

Philippe Pinel

Answer 6

continued reforms from Pussin; moral therapy
talk with patients and give advice rather them locking them in dungeons and bloodletting
treat patients as normally as possible

Question 7

_____________________ has often been considered a primary figure in the movement for more humane treatment of people with psychological disorders in asylums.

Answer 7

Philippe Pinel

Question 8

Behaviorism

Answer 8

An approach originally associated with John B. Watson, who proposed a focus on observable behavior rather than on consciousness or mental functioning.

Question 9

three types of learning that influenced the behaviorist approach in the early and middle parts of the 20th century and that continue to be influential today:

Answer 9

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling.

Question 10

______________ a Russian physiologist and Nobel laureate, made important contributions to the research and theory of classical conditioning.

Answer 10

Ivan Pavlov

Question 11

In this classical conditioning experiment, because the meat powder automatically elicits salivation with no prior learning, the powder is termed an __________________________ and the response of salivation an _________________________. When the offering of meat powder is preceded several times by a neutral stimulus, the ringing of a bell, the sound of the bell alone (_________________________) can elicit the salivary response (________________________).

Answer 11

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
unconditioned response (UCR)
the conditioned stimulus, or CS
the conditioned response, or CR

Question 12

Clinical psychologist

Answer 12

An individual who has earned a Ph.D. degree or a Psy.D. degree and whose training has included an internship in a hospital or clinic.

Question 13

Clinical psychologists are trained to deliver ________________.

Answer 13

psychotherapy

Question 14

Defense mechanisms

Answer 14

In Freud’s theory, reality-distorting strategies UNCONSCIOUSLY adopted to protect the ego from anxiety.

Question 15

Ego

Answer 15

In Freud’s theory, the predominantly conscious part of the personality, responsible for decision making and for dealing with reality.

Question 16

The task of the _________ is to deal with reality, and it mediates between the demands of reality and the _________ demands for immediate gratification.

Answer 16

ego, id’s

Question 17

According to Freud, the _________ is present at birth and is the repository of all the energy needed to run the mind

Answer 17

id

Question 18

Id

Answer 18

In Freud’s theory, that part of the personality present at birth, comprising all the energy of the psyche and expressed as biological urges that strive continually for gratification.

Question 19

Superego

Answer 19

In Freud’s theory, the part of the personality that acts as the conscience and reflects society’s moral standards as learned from parents and teachers.

Question 20

The ____________—the third part of the mind in Freud’s theory—can be roughly conceived of as a person’s conscience. Freud believed that this develops throughout childhood.

Answer 20

superego

Question 21

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 21

A treatment that produces a convulsion by passing electric current through the brain; despite public concerns about this treatment, it can be useful in alleviating severe depression for some people.

Question 22

The belief that odd behavior was caused by possession led to treating it by _____________, the ritualistic casting out of evil spirits.

Answer 22

exorcism

Question 23

Extinction

Answer 23

The elimination of a classically conditioned response by the omission of the unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, the elimination of a behavior by the omission of reinforcement.

ex. if repeated soundings of the bell are not followed by meat powder, fewer and fewer CRs (salivations) are elicited, and the CR gradually disappears.

Question 24

law of effect

Answer 24

Behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated, and behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged.

ex. If you study and then get a good grade on a test, you will be more likely to study for the next exam.

Question 25

Edward Thorndike studied the effects of consequences on behavior. Thorndike formulated what was to become an extremely important principle, __________________.

Answer 25

the law of effect

Question 26

Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others or teaching by demonstrating and providing opportunities for imitation.

Answer 26

Modeling

Question 27

Moral treatment

Answer 27

A therapeutic regimen whereby mentally ill patients were released from their restraints and were treated with compassion and dignity rather than with contempt and denigration.

Question 28

______________________________ also strengthens a response, but it does so via the removal of an aversive event, such as when the beeping noise in your car stops once you fasten your seatbelt

Answer 28

Negative reinforcement

Question 29

___________________________ refers to the strengthening of a tendency to respond by virtue of the presentation of a pleasant event

Answer 29

Positive reinforcement

Question 30

B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) introduced the concept of __________________________, so called because it applies to behavior that operates on the environment.

Answer 30

operant conditioning

Question 31

In ____________________ treatments, the goal of the therapist is to understand the person’s early childhood experiences, the nature of key relationships, and the patterns in current relationships. Primarily the therapy procedures pioneered by Freud.

Answer 31

psychoanalytic

Question 32

For example, a person might feel that the analyst is generally bored by what he or she is saying and as a result might struggle to be entertaining; this pattern of response might reflect the person’s childhood relationship with a parent rather than what’s going on between the person and the analyst.

Answer 32

transference

Question 33

Psychotherapy

Answer 33

A primarily verbal means of helping troubled individuals change their thoughts, feelings, and behavior to reduce distress and to achieve greater life satisfaction.

Question 34

key features of psychological disorders

Answer 34

distress, disability or impaired functioning, violation of social norms, and harmful dysfunction.

Question 35

Stigma

Answer 35

The destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society about groups considered different in some manner, such as people with mental illness.

Question 36

The central assumption of Freud’s theorizing was that psychopathology results from ____________ conflicts in the individual

Answer 36

unconscious

Question 37

_________ developed the cathartic method, which _________ later built on in the development of psychoanalysis.

Answer 37

Breuer, Freud

Question 38

The _________ is driven by the pleasure principle, but the _________ is driven by the reality principle.

Answer 38

id, ego

Question 39

In psychoanalysis, _________ refers to interpreting the relationship between therapist and client as indicative of the client’s relationship to others.

Answer 39

transference

Question 40

_______________ was the first to propose that psychological disorders had a biological cause

Answer 40

Hippocrates

Question 41

____________________ is defined as behavior that interferes with an individual’s activities of daily living or ability to adjust to and participate in particular settings

Answer 41

Maladaptive behavior

Question 42

__________________ was the driving force of deinstitutionalization in the late 1950s

Answer 42

Thorazine (an antipsychotic)