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IMMUNO > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which APC is the only cell that can participate in maturation of a naive t cell?

A

dendritic cells

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2
Q

anchor residues

A

specific portions of a displayed antigen that attach it to MHC

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3
Q

which cytokine increases the rate of proteolysis and why is it important in MHC I antigen presentation?

A

INF-gamma increases rate to increase the chances of catching a pathogen antigen

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4
Q

Function of TAP proteins and ERAAP

A

TAP = transport of peptides into ER for presentation
ERAAP = final processing of peptides for binding to MHC

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5
Q

Invariant chain function in MHC II antigen binding

A

blocks random proteins from binding to MHC II before it reaches antigen containing vesicle

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6
Q

DM role in MHC II antigen binding

A

catalyzed loading of antigen into MHC II binding pocket

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7
Q

what is cross presentation in dendritic cells?

A

DC can display extracellular pathogens on MHC I as well as MHC II

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8
Q

superantigens

A

toxins that encourage aberrant binding of TCR and MHC II, produces cytokine storm, effect similar to sepsis

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9
Q

Which cytokine is secreted by thymic stromal cells and is crucial to T cell development?

A

IL7

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10
Q

Notch1

A

protein on thymocytes that binds thymic epithelium, then activates T cell genes

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11
Q

gamma: delta T cells

A

express only CD3 and are largely found in gut mucosa

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12
Q

how many attempts does the T cell have to produce a productive beta chain rearrangement?

A

4, two per allele (one from mom and one from dad)

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13
Q

RAG (recombination-activating genes)

A

mediate beta chain rearrangements

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14
Q

CD28

A

costimulation molecule on naive T cells

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15
Q

CTLA-4

A

Inhibitory signal on T cells, winds down immune response after differentiation has occurred (replaces CD28)

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16
Q

What binding proteins are used by naive t cells to bind APCs?

A

T cell LFA and CD2, APC ICAMs and CD58

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17
Q

What are the three signals needed by a naive t cell to induce clonal expansion?

A

MHC-TCR match, co-stimulatory signals of B7-CD28, and cytokines directing differentiation

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18
Q

What cytokine is needed to produce a Treg cell?

A

TGF-beta

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19
Q

What cytokine is needed to produce a Tfh cell?

A

IL6

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20
Q

What cytokines are needed to produce a Th17 cell?

A

TGF-beta and IL6

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21
Q

What cytokines are needed to produce a Th1 cell?

A

IL12 and IFN-gamma

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22
Q

What cytokine is needed to produce a Th2 cell?

A

IL4

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23
Q

What are the three critical transcription factors for T cell differentiation?

A

NFAT, NF-kappaB, and AP-1

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24
Q

How does the expression of CD69 retain stimulated T cells in the lymph node?

A

CD69 binds and internalizes S1PR1 receptor, so the cell cannot follow the S1P gradient back into circulation

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25
Q

IL2 effect

A

induces proliferation, critical for differentiation of T cells into effector and memory cells

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26
Q

CCR7

A

important receptor on memory T cells that stay in lymphoid tissue for a secondary response

27
Q

What are the scary things inside cytotoxic T cell granules?

A

perforin and granzymes

28
Q

Th1 cells

A

control bacteria that can grow inside macrophages, express IFN-gamma and IL2 and CD40L

29
Q

Th2 cells

A

control parasite infection, express IL4, IL5, and IL13 that promote mast cells, eosinophils, and IgE production

30
Q

Th17 cells

A

stimulate neutrophil response to bacteria and fungi, driven by TGF-beta, pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL21, to secrete IL17 and IL22 (promotes epithelial integrity

31
Q

Tfh cells

A

B cell class switching

32
Q

Ig alpha and Ig beta are analogous to

A

CD3 and gamma chains in the TCR

33
Q

CD19 and CD20

A

common b cell markers, produced early in maturation

34
Q

which class of membrane bound antibody is produced by a miu constant chain?

A

IgM

35
Q

which class of membrane bound antibody is produced by a delta constant chain?

A

IgD

36
Q

What cytokine produced by Tfh cells will cause a class switch to IgE or IgA? What if there are no cytokines produced?

A

IgE = IL4
IgA = TGF-beta
IgM = none

37
Q

combinatorial diversity vs junctional diversity

A

combinatorial is normal matching different segments, junctional happens when nucleotides are added or deleted randomly at junctions

38
Q

Which antibodies are associated with exclusion vs elimination at mucosal surfaces?

A

exclusion- IgA
elimination- IgG and IgE

39
Q

pIgR

A

polymeric immunoglobulin receptor binds IgA on basolateral surface, moves through cell, and then is secreted with IgA

40
Q

What is the role of IL6 and BAFF/APRIL in mucosal immunity?

A

IL6 controls terminal differentiation of IgA plasma cells, BAFF/APRIL are co-stimulatory molecules

41
Q

What three body fluids have the most IgA?

A

(descending order) colostrum, tears, nasal mucus

42
Q

intraepithelial lymphocytes

A

gamma delta T cells specialized for epithelial defense, may receive antigen directly from M cell

43
Q

addressins

A

molecules that regulate lymphocyte tracking like B7 and MadCAM1?

44
Q

IL-22

A

produced by Th17 cells and involved in mucosal healing

45
Q

Which two cytokines are important in inhibiting inflammatory response to commensals?

A

IL-10 and IL-2

46
Q

Surfactants A and D

A

can act as opsonins, modulate actions of T cells and dentritic cells

47
Q

Which antibody is dominant in ruminant milk?

A

IgG, IgA in all other

48
Q

how do cells recognize viruses?

A

TLRs 3,7,8,9, and intracellular RIG-1 and MDA5

49
Q

which interferons are produced primarily by virus-infected cells?

A

IFN alpha and beta

50
Q

2’5’ OAS triggered by IFN-alpha

A

degrades viral RNA

51
Q

Protein kinase R triggered by IFN-alpha

A

prevents viral translation

52
Q

Mx GTPase triggered by IFN-alpha

A

blocks viral assembly

53
Q

ISG15 triggered by IFN-alpha

A

destroys viral proteins

54
Q

viperin triggered by IFN-alpha

A

blocks lipid rafts

55
Q

tetherin triggered by IFN-alpha

A

prevents viral release

56
Q

What role do chitinases and L-arginases have in innate immunity to helminths?

A

chitinases act on chitin in helminth cuticle, L-arginases drive granuloma formation

57
Q

IL13

A

stimulates epithelial proliferation, sloughs worms attached to epithelial layers

58
Q

What are the four major eosinophil granule contents?

A

Major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil neurotoxin, and eosinophil peroxidase

59
Q

Fc-gamma R (CD32)

A

cellular receptor that initiates phagocytosis upon binding a antobody-pathogen complex

60
Q

sIgA proteases

A

evasive strategy protein of pathogen that cleaves IgA at the hinge

61
Q

IL-12

A

secreted by macrophages in order to activate NK cells to secrete IFN-gamma to extra-activate macrophages or directly kill infected cells

62
Q

lysozymes

A

antimicrobial peptide that eats through peptidoglycan

63
Q

dectins and TLR2

A

PRRs that specifically recognizes fungal cell wall components, stimulate neutrophil activation

IMMUNO (5 decks)

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