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IMMUNO > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

PAMP

A

aka MAMP, pathogen associated molecular pattern, can be recognized by innate immune cells

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2
Q

PRRs

A

pattern recognition receptors expressed by innate immune cells recognize PAMP

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3
Q

examples of PAMP (6 total)

A

LPS, peptidoglycan, LTA, flagellin, viral RNA, unmethylated CpG DNA

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4
Q

CpG DNA

A

cytosine-phosphate-guanine which methylates in mammals, not in bacteria (PAMP)

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5
Q

TLR4

A

binds to LPS using LBP, CD14 anchor, and MD-2, triggers signaling cascade

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6
Q

Function of imiquimod

A

binds and stimulates equine TLR7/8 against sarcoids and aural plaques

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7
Q

oxidative burst

A

NADPH generates superoxide, then hydrogen peroxide, then OCl-,

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8
Q

antigen vs epitope

A

antigen is an entire molecule or protein that is specific to a potential pathogen, epitope is just 4-16 aa on the antigen recognized by immune system

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9
Q

monovalent, multivalent, and polyvalent antigens

A

antigens with one, multiple of same, or multiple of different epitopes

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10
Q

haptens

A

antigens that bind to an antigen receptor but need a carrier conjugated in order to be recognized by antibodies (conjugated vaccines)

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11
Q

MHC I

A

made by all nucleated cells, presents antigens to CD8/Tc cells, leads to apoptosis of presenting cell by Tc

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12
Q

MHC II

A

Made by APCs only, presents to CD4/Th cells

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13
Q

Myeloid lineage cells

A

Eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, neutrophils

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14
Q

thymic involution

A

atrophy of thymus in older individuals

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15
Q

hassal’s corpuscles

A

squamous epithelium in thymus medulla that primarily produces cytokines

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16
Q

pancytopenia

A

deficiency of all three blood components, RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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17
Q

What differs between primed and naive lymphocyte circulation?

A

Primed lymphocytes move through body tissues to LN, where naive moves directly through arteries to LN (except pigs)

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18
Q

Extravasation

A

the process by which a leukocyte exits a vessel (tethering, triggering, latching, diapedesis)

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19
Q

Which cytokines are produced by sentinel cells, like macrophages, and initiate the innate immune response?

A

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF

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20
Q

Latherin

A

protein in horse sweat that cools but also antimicrobial

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21
Q

Innate immunity chemical barriers

A

lysozymes (body fluids) and defensins destroy bacterial cell walls/membranes
lactoferrin sequesters iron, and lactoperoxidase generates ROS

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22
Q

Adhesion exclusion

A

performed by normal microbiota to keep pathogens from adhering to mucus membranes

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23
Q

rhodococcus equi

A

bacteria that can live inside macrophages and evade lysosomes

24
Q

IFN-gamma

A

Th1 and NK cell produced cytokine that can activate macrophages

25
Q

healing process cytokines

A

IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10

26
Q

Which receptors on macrophages respond to PAMPS?

A

TLR2 and TLR4

27
Q

Which receptors on macrophages respond to transferrin?

A

CD71, useful for iron regulation

28
Q

Which receptors on macrophages respond to IL-2?

A

CD25

29
Q

Cyclic neutropenia in gray collies

A

Cyclic failure of neutrophil maturation, leads to chronic infections and also compromised melanocytes

30
Q

What cytokine is important for chemotaxis of neutrophils?

A

IL-17

31
Q

IL-18

A

also pro-inflammatory cytokine, production catalyzed by inflammasome

32
Q

inflammasome

A

multiprotein complex generated by NOD-like receptors (PAMP and DAMP), then sentinel cell produces IL-1B and IL-18 with inflammatory caspases

32
Q

inflammasome

A

multiprotein complex generated by NOD-like receptors (PAMP and DAMP), then sentinel cell produces IL-1B and IL-18

33
Q

what sort of bonds hold antibody peptide chains together?

A

disulfide bonds

34
Q

What are the two sequences that can make up light chains?

A

kappa and lambda

35
Q

Where does the basic variation come from for the different classes of the antibody?

A

variations in the constant region (heavy chain isotypes)

36
Q

crofab

A

made from antigen binding fragments to snake venom, neutralize antigen but can’t bind to effector molecule without Fc

37
Q

heterodimeric CD79

A

signaling portion of the BCR complex that activates B cell

38
Q

Fc epsilon

A

binds IgE with high affinity first, then binds antigen

39
Q

C3a and C5a (also C2b, C4a)

A

induces inflammation, recruits phagocytic cells

40
Q

C1

A

begins classical pathway of activation, C1q binds to antibody bound to pathogen, C1r/s cleaves C4

41
Q

terminal sialic acid residues

A

an important marker on host cells to signal to the immune system to back off

42
Q

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

patients with mutations for factor I, factor H, or MCP, can’t regulate complement and damages host blood cells

43
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

44
Q

Plasma derived inflammatory mediators (3)

A

products of coagulation and kinin systems, C3a, C5a

45
Q

histamine effects after binding to H1

A

vasodilation and increased permeability, smooth muscle contraction, itch perception and skin rash (urticaria)

46
Q

Arachidonic acid metabolites

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes, inhibited by NSAIDS and steroids

47
Q

Gout

A

deposition of uric acid crystals stimulate formation of inflammasome

48
Q

familial shar pei fever

A

increased production of serum amyloid A characterized by episodic fever or swelling of the hocks

49
Q

selectins

A

cell adhesion molecules containing a lectin domain that bind to carbohydrates, increased extravasation, during rolling adhesion

50
Q

integrins

A

heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that increase extravasation (ICAM), during stable adhesion

51
Q

which cytokines upregulate expression of selectins

A

TNF, IL-1

52
Q

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

genetic defect affected expression of CD18, an integrin

53
Q

What are the anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-10 and TGF

54
Q

Potent cytokine associated with granulomas

A

IFN-gamma

IMMUNO (5 decks)

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