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Bio203 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Study of evolutionary history, in three types:
Cladists
Pheneticists
Evolutionary taxonomists

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1
Q

Systematics

A

Study of biological diversity

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2
Q

Cladists

A

Attempt quantitative reconstruction of phylogeny, taxonomies based on phylogeny(W. Henning, J. Farris)
We accept this method today

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3
Q

Pheneticists

A

Phylogeny reconstruction not possible, quantitative group of species-> taxonomy (sokal smith)

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4
Q

Evolutionary taxonomists

A

Skeptical of quantitative approaches to phylogeny but thought some reconstruction was possible: taxonomy->phylogeny-> other considerations
(E. Mayer)

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5
Q

Taxonomy is based on…

A

Phylogeny

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6
Q

Cladogram

A

Only relative splits matter

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7
Q

Phylogram

A

Branch lengths are proportional to time, or amount of evolutionary change

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8
Q

Phylogenetic groups

A

Monophyletic
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletica

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9
Q

Monophyletic

A

Ancestor and all it’s descendants

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10
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Ancestor and some of it’s descendants

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11
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Two or more separate monophyletic groups

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12
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Shared derived trait that changes on a branch leading to a group of interest

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13
Q

Homology

A

Similarity due to shared ancestry

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14
Q

Convergence

A

(Aka parallelism aka analogy)

Similarity not due to shared ancestry

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15
Q

Reversal

A

Evolutionary reappearance of previously lost trait

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16
Q

Phylogenetic methods

A

Parsimony
Distance
Likelyhood-based/ bayesian

17
Q

Phylogenetic taxonomy naming

A

Node-based

Stem-based

18
Q

Node-based

A

“The most recent shared ancestor of _______ and ______ and all it’s descendants”

19
Q

Stem-based

A

“All taxa more closely related to ______ than to ______”

20
Q

Adaptive radiation

A 
Process where organisms diversify rapidly into new species 
Ex: 
African lake cichlids
Galapagos finches
Greater antillean anolis
21
Q

Ecomorph

A

Suite of ecological, morphological and behavioral characteristics associated with a particular niche
Ex: anolis lizard

22
Q

Protobiant

A

Aggregations of abiotically produced organic compounds in a lipid bilayer

23
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Life from non-life (metabolic, grow, react, reproduce, evolve)

24
Q

Miller-Urey Experiment

A

Recreates ancient atmosphere to create amino acids and nuclei acids naturally(spontaneously) through non-life chemical reactions

25
Q

Precambrian major life events

A 
Origin of life
Origin of sex
Origin of photosynthesis
Origin of complex cells
Origin of multicellular life
26
Q

The three domains

A

Eukaryota
Bacteria
Archaea

27
Q

Attacks on evolution

A
  • just a theory
  • no transitional forms
  • cannot observe
  • okay with micro but not macroecolution
  • too complex and jntegrated to have evolved
28
Q

Parsimony

A

Minimize number of evolutionary changes on candidate trees(take sum)

29
Q

Distance

A

Find “distance” between taxa, match branch lengths on tree to distances in one step

30
Q

Likelyhood-based/Bayesian

A
  • Probability of data/probability of hypothesis
  • Statistical, explicit about model of evolution
  • Favored method these days(most accurate)
31
Q

Parsimony

A

The most likely explanation or pattern is the one that implies the least amount of change

32
Q

Homoplasy

A

Traits are similar but not inherited from a common ancestor

33
Q

Outgroup

A

A species or group that is closely related to the monophyletic group but not a part of it

34
Q

Hyphae

A

(in a fungus) one of the threadlike elements of the mycelium

35
Q

RNA Hypothesis

A

Proposes that self-replicating ribonucleic acid (RNA)molecules were the precursors to current life, which is based on DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Why RNA?
RNA is catalytic (like an enzyme protein), serves as storage for genetic info, and is potentially self-replicating

36
Q

Apomorphy

A

Derived trait evolved within a tree

Ex. Nuclear envelope

37
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

Ancestral state of a trait

38
Q

Precambrian

A

Divided into Hadean, Archaean, and Proterozoic

  • life was exclusively unicellular for most of earth’s history
  • oxygen was virtually absent from the oceans and atmosphere for almost 2 billion years after the origin of life
39
Q

What triggers adaptive radiation?

A

New resources and new ways to exploit resources

40
Q

Desirable properties of data

A

Heritable
Discrete
Independence
Appropriate level of variation

Bio203 (5 decks)

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