Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Descent with Modification

A

Species that lived in the past are the ancestors of the species existing today and that descendant changes through time

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1
Q

Population thinking

A

Variation among individuals in a population is the key to understanding the nature of species(Darwin)

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2
Q

Fossil

A

Trace of an organism that lived in the past

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3
Q

Fossil record

A

Consist of all fossils that have been found

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4
Q

Extant

A

Species living today

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5
Q

Transitional feature

A

Trait in fossil species that is intermediate between those of older and younger species

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6
Q

Vestigial trait

A

Reduced or incompletely developed structure that has no function or reduced function

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7
Q

Phylogeny

A

Family tree of population or species

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8
Q

Homology

A

“Study of likeness” similarity that exists in species because they both inherited the trait from a common ancestor

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9
Q

Biological fitness

A

Ability of an individual to produce surviving offspring

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10
Q

Acclimation

A

Changes in individual phenotype that occur in response to changes in environment

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11
Q

Genetic correlation

A

Constraint caused by pleiotropy(single allele affects multiple traits)

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12
Q

Fitness trade-off

A

Compromise between traits in terms of how those traits perform in the environment

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13
Q

Mechanisms that shift allele frequencies

A

Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutation

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14
Q

Gene pool

A

All gametes produced in a generation and combine at random to produce offspring

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15
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

No trend toward both alleles reaching frequency of 0.5

16
Q

Hardy-Weinberg rules

A

1) no natural selection
2) random allele frequency changes
3) no gene flow
4) no mutation
5) random mating for gene in question

17
Q

Genetic variation

A

Number of relative frequency of alleles present in a particular population

18
Q

Directional selection

A

Average phenotype of the populations change in one direction

19
Q

Purifying selection

A

Disadvantageous alleles decline in frequency

20
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Reduce both extremes in a population, no change in average trait and genetic variation reduced

21
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors phenotypes on the extreme

22
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

Heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than homozygous

23
Q

Balancing selection

A

No single allele has a distinct advantage and increases in frequency

24
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

When alleles are favored when rare but not common

25
Q

Genetic drift

A

Any change in allele frequencies on a population due to chance

26
Q

Sampling error

A

Allele frequencies change due to blind luck

27
Q

Genetic marker

A

Specific allele that causes a distinctive phenotype

28
Q

Founder effect

A

Change in allele frequencies by occurs when a new population is established

29
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

Sudden reduction in numbers of alleles in a population

30
Q

Gene flow

A

Movement of alleles from one population to another

31
Q

Mutation

A

Change in genetic code

32
Q

Deleterious

A

Alleles that lower fitness

33
Q

Beneficial

A

Allele that allows individuals to produce more offsprig

34
Q

Interbreeding depression

A

Decline in average fitness takes place when homozygosity and heterozygosity decrecreses

35
Q

Sexual selection

A

Individuals within a population differ in their ability to attract mates

36
Q

Territory

A

Area actively defended as provides exclusive use by owner

37
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Any trait that differs in males and females