exam

Question 1

A 42-year-old male patient develops severe pain in the metatarsal phalangeal joint of his right big toe. Monosodium urate crystals are detected in fluid obtained from this joint . This patient’s pain is caused by the overproduction of the end product of which of the following metabolic pathways?
A. De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis B. Pyrimidine degradation
C. De novo purine biosynthesis
D. Purine salvage
E. Purine degradation

Answer 1

E. Purine degradation

Question 2

2. Choose the correct statement about calcium and its regulation.
   A. Albumin-bound calcium is the physiologically active form.
   B. Calcitriol increases calcium deposition in bone tissue.
   C. Calcitonin reduces plasma calcium levels.
   D. Bone metastases cause a decrease in plasma calcium
   E. Serum total calcium levels increase in hypoalbuminemic patients.

Answer 2

C. Calcitonin reduces plasma calcium levels.

Question 3

3. Which one of the following statements about amino acid metabolism is correct?
   A. Free amino acids are taken into the enterocytes by passive diffusion. B. In healthy, fed individuals, the output of amino acids exceeds the input. C. Liver uses ammonia to buffer protons.
   D. Muscle-derived alanine is metabolized in liver to ammonia
   plus the gluconeogenic precursor pyruvate.
   E. The toxic ammonia generated from the nitrogen of amino acids is transported through blood as arginine.

Answer 3

D. Muscle-derived alanine is metabolized in liver to ammonia
plus the gluconeogenic precursor pyruvate.

Question 4

5.
Which of the following amino acids is the source of homocysteine ?
A. Serine
B. Tryptophan C. Histidine D. Methionine E. Arginine

Answer 4

D. Methionine

Question 5

4. Which is the precursor of serotonin?
   A. Histidine
   B. Cholesterol C. Phospholipids
   D. Serine
   E. Tryptophan

Answer 5

E. Tryptophan

Question 6

7. Which of the following enzymes is a gastric protease?
   A. Elastase
   B. Aminopeptidase
   C. Pepsin
   D. Trypsin
   E. Chymotrypsin

Answer 6

C. Pepsin

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the digestion of carbohydrates is correct?
A. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach with gastric α-amylase.
B.Final products of carbohydrate digestion are sucrose, maltose and lactose.
C.Digested carbohydrates are taken into the enterocyte by passive transport.
D.Passage of undigested carbohydrate into the large intestine causes osmotic diarrhea.
E.Age-dependent loss of lactase activity is a rare condition.

Answer 7

D.Passage of undigested carbohydrate into the large intestine causes osmotic diarrhea.

Question 8

8. Which one of the following is elevated in plasma during the absorptive (fed) period as compared with the postabsorptive (fasted) state?
   A. Acetoacetate
   B. Chylomicrons
   C. Free fatty acids D. Glucagon
   E. Acetone

Answer 8

B. Chylomicrons

Question 9

9. For a 70-kg man, in which one of the periods listed below do ketone bodies supply the major portion of the caloric needs of brain?§
   A. Absorptive period B. Overnight fast
   C. Three-day fast
   D. Four-week fast
   E. Six-month fast

Answer 9

D. Four-week fast

Question 10

Which of the following statements is correct?
A. An inverse relationship exists between blood TG and HDL levels
B. Chylomicrons transport triacylglycerols from the liver to the extrahepatic tissues.
C. Low plasma levels of Lp(a) are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart
disease.
D. The highest activity of lipoprotein lipase is in the liver.
E. The primary function of LDL is to transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

Answer 10

A. An inverse relationship exists between blood TG and HDL levels

Question 11

17. Which of the following increases in iron deficiency? A. Transferrin
    B. Ferritin
    C. Serum iron level
    D. Hemosiderin
    E. Hemoglobin

Answer 11

A. Transferrin

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the reason behind the fact that smokers often require higher doses of some drugs than non-smokers to achieve the same therapeutic effect?
A. P450 induction
B. P450 inhibition
C. Increased glutathione activity
D. Decreased methylation
E. Increased UDP glucuronyl transferase activity

Answer 12

A. P450 induction

Question 13

13. Choose the correct statement.
    A. Cholestyramine and dietary fiber inhibit the excretion of bile acids and cholesterol. B. Chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid are formed in the duodenum.
    C. Daily bile secretion from the liver is less than one gram.
    D. Bile pH is acidic due to the presence of bile acids.
    E. Increases in the amount of cholesterol in the bile cause gallstone disease.

Answer 13

E. Increases in the amount of cholesterol in the bile cause gallstone disease.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about acid-base disorders is correct?
A. Central nervous system activity is depressed in alkalosis.
B. Bicarbonate buffer system is predominantly intracellular.
C. Chemical buffers can tie up excess acids or bases and eliminate them from the body. D. Hypokalemia is associated with acidosis.
E. Respiratory acidosis is the most common cause of acid-base imbalance.

Answer 14

E. Respiratory acidosis is the most common cause of acid-base imbalance.

Question 15

How would you interpret the following arterial blood gas values? pH: 7.29, CO2: 42 mm Hg, HCO3- 17 mEq/L.
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis D. Respiratory alkalosis E. Normal

Answer 15

A. Metabolic acidosis

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true?
A. Over 85% of all heme synthesis occurs in the liver.
B. Heme proteins have a low turnover rate .
C. Excessive amounts of porphobilinogen (PBG) cause a reddish color in urine.
D. Iron deficiency causes Zn-protoporphyrin (ZPP) formation.
E. Overproduction of the porphyrin precursors such as ALA and PBG causes photosensitivity.

Answer 16

E. Overproduction of the porphyrin precursors such as ALA and PBG causes photosensitivity.

Question 17

Which of the following lipoprotein particles are responsible for the milky appearance of the plasma?
A. Chylomicron remnants
B. Chylomicrons
C. Intermediate-density lipoproteins D. Low-density-lipoproteins
E. Very-low-density lipoproteins

Answer 17

B. Chylomicrons

Question 18

Which of the following statements about minerals is true?
A. Sodium is the major cation of the intracellular fluid.
B. Severe hypomagnesemia induces hypocalcemia
C. Aldosterone excess causes increased potassium levels in blood.
D. Among the minerals, copper deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the
world.
E. Cobalt is necessary for superoxide dismutase activity.

Answer 18

B. Severe hypomagnesemia induces hypocalcemia

Question 19

Which of the following statements about detoxification reactions is true?
A. They aim to convert toxins to more lipophilic forms.
B. Pollutants in the air are endobiotics.
C. Glucuronidation is the most common form of drug conjugation.
D. Lungs are the major detoxification organs in our body.
E. Monamine oxidases are the main Phase 1 detoxification enzymes.

Answer 19

C. Glucuronidation is the most common form of drug conjugation.

Question 20

Space of Disse is found in?

Answer 20

Answer: Liver

Question 20

Space of Mall:

Answer 20

between stroma and /hepatocyte/

Question 20

Portal triad made of:

Answer 20

Answer: Bile duct, portal vein and hepatic artery

Question 21

Goblet cells most abundant in?

Answer 21

small and LARGE intestine

Question 22

Structures crossed by the root of mesentery

Answer 22

Duodenum:
Abdominal aorta:
Inferior vena cava:
Right ureter:
Right kidney:
Ovarian vessels (in females):
Psoas major muscle:

Question 22

WOF is no tpart of abdominal wall:

Answer 22

vagus

Question 23

NOT related to anterior abdominal wall:

Question 24

Ascending part (4th) of Duodenum Held in its place by?

Answer 24

Suspensory muscle of the diaphragm “ligament of Treitz” attch to Right Crus

Question 25

Taste Sensation of the Ant. 2/3 of tongue?

Answer 25

facial nerve

Question 26

Taste Sensation of the post. 1/3 of tongue?

Answer 26

Glossopharyngeal n.

Question 27

What is the effect of leptin on insulin sensitivity?

Answer 27

Leptin increase insulin sensitivity

Question 28

Which one of the following isn’t a branch of the superior mesenteric artery?

Question 29

Dwarfism is caused by?

Answer 29

growth hormone

Question 30

Ghrelin level?

Answer 30

High before a meal and low after a meal

Question 31

Which one of the following isn’t a ligament of greater Omentum?

Answer 31

these are: Gastrocolic ligament . Gastrosplenic ligament Gastrophrenic ligament Splenorenal (Lienorenal) ligament –

Question 32

Ca reabsorption is influenced by?

Answer 32

Vitamin D. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH). Calcitonin

Question 32

Which one of the following is right about amino acids?

Answer 32

glucose and alanine cycle

Question 33

Which one of the following is right about acid-base problems?

Answer 33

Most common respiratory cause– resp. acidosis

Question 33

Which of the following is related to external oblique muscle?

Answer 33

Answer: Inguinal ligament

Question 34

Which of the following is related to the head of pancreas?

Answer 34

Duodenum

Question 35

All Soft palatine muscles are innervated by the pharyngeal plexus except?

Answer 35

Tensor veli palatini - mandibular nerve (V3),

Question 36

24.Which nerve is responsible for the taste sensation of the facial

Answer 36

anterior 2/3 of the tongue, the Facial nerve

Question 37

23.Which one of the following innervates external sphincter anal muscle?

Answer 37

Pudendal nerve

Question 38

25.Which nerve is responsible for the taste sensation of post1/3?

Answer 38

glossopharyngeal

Question 39

Left Vagus n. course

Answer 39

anterior

Question 40

26.Thoracolumbar fascia lat. side, not behind

Answer 40

Psaos major m. **

Question 41

32.Visceral layer of peritoneum(Pain is felt by pressure

Answer 41

not by sensory

Question 42

ParaSymp. inner. of submandibular and sublingual glands?

Answer 42

Facial Nerve (Chorda Tympani)

Question 43

35.What is in the middle of hepatic lobule?

Answer 43

central vein, Portal Triads,

Question 44

Liver ligaments

Answer 44

Hepatoduodenal Ligament, Hepatogastric Ligament , Triangular Ligaments, Coronary Ligament, Falciform Ligament

Question 45

where Right Vagus n. course

Answer 45

posterior

Question 46

Which Cranial nerve does not innervate the tongue ?

Answer 46

accessory. but Hypoglossal nerve, Vagus nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve, facial nerve do

Question 47

Which is not related to portal system

Answer 47

Right Suprarenal Vein. renal vein, femoral vein, or pulmonary veins

Question 48

WOF is branch of renal artery in order?

Answer 48

(Segmental → Interlobar → Arcuate → Interlobular → Afferent arterioles)

Question 49

41.All carry taste buds except ?

Answer 49

Filiform papillae

Question 49

Left suprarenal vein drains into

Answer 49

✅ Left suprarenal vein → Left renal vein → Inferior vena cava (IVC)

Question 50

Arteries of the tongue

Answer 50

external carotid artery. Lingual Artery. Tonsillar branch of the facial artery . Ascending pharyngeal artery

Question 51

43.Which is an artery of the Circle of Willis :

Answer 51

Anterior cerebral artery (left and right) - Anterior communicating artery - Internal carotid artery (left and right) - Posterior cerebral artery (left and right) - Posterior communicating artery (left and right)

Question 52

Most powerful flexor of thigh

Answer 52

Psoas major +Iliacus = iliopsoas mm.

Question 52

Parasym. Inn. Of submandibular gland

Answer 52

Facial nerve. Chorda Tympani. lingual nerve

Question 53

46.Aorta bifurcate at

Answer 53

L4

Question 54

.and IVC bifurcate at

Answer 54

L5

Question 55

48.Left gonadal vein passes to IVC through

Answer 55

Left Renal Vein

Question 55

Cataracts in diabetic

Answer 55

sorbitol. Hyperglycemia. osmotic stress

Question 56

Cataracts in newborn babies

Answer 56

galactitol

Question 57

HDL

Answer 57

Answer: (Apo a-1)

Question 58

ApoE

Answer 58

Chylomicrons. ligand for binding

Question 59

WOF hormone or peptide released by ANS relaxes the smooth muscle

Answer 59

Nitric Oxide

Question 60

Receives both sympathetic and Parasymp.

Answer 60

Salivary glands

Question 60

Auerbach’s (Myenteric) plexus:

Answer 60

muscularis externa layer of GIT

Question 60

insulin

Answer 60

like leptin which is decrease appetite

Question 61

Peptide Y decrease appetite directly on ...

Answer 61

hypothalamus or indirectly by inhibition ghrelin

Question 62

Meissner’s plexus:

Answer 62

Submucosa of GIT

Question 63

Which hormone slow the gastric liquid emptying and relaxes sphincter of Oddi?

Answer 63

Cholecystokinin CCK

Question 63

Somatostatin inhibiting role

Answer 63

inhibit GH. nhibits the secretion of all gastrointestinal hormones and gastric acid secretion

Question 64

ileum absorbed

Answer 64

B12. nutrients, bile salts

Question 64

Acid secretion by(. ) ? Acetyl co A ( )gastrin (. ) histamine(. )

Answer 64

Acetyl-CoA- ACTH production. Gastrin G cells promotes HCL and histamine. Histamine - H2 receptors andECL