Digestion and absorption Flashcards
- Which of the following must be hydrolyzed before absorption can occur?
A) Electrolytes
B) Water-soluble vitamins
C) Lipids
D) Minerals
Answer: C) Lipids
What is the process of breaking down complex food substances into simpler units called?
A) Absorption
B) Hydrolysis
C) Filtration
D) Excretion
Answer: B) Hydrolysis
- Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur in the digestive system?
A) Stomach
B) Small intestine
C) Large intestine
D) Esophagus
Answer: B) Small intestine
- What happens to large organic molecules before they can be absorbed by the body?
A) They are filtered
B) They are broken down by hydrolysis
C) They are stored in the stomach
D) They are excreted
Answer: B) They are broken down by hydrolysis
- Which of the following requires special transport mechanisms for absorption?
A) Water
B) Electrolytes
C) Fat-soluble vitamins
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
- Which organ is responsible for synthesizing digestive enzymes?
A) Liver
B) Stomach
C) Pancreas
D) Small intestine
Answer: C) Pancreas
- What hormone induces the secretion of the aqueous portion of pancreatic juice?
A) Cholecystokinin
B) Secretin
C) Gastrin
D) Pepsin
Answer: B) Secretin
- Which ion in the aqueous portion of pancreatic juice helps maintain an optimal pH for enzymes?
A) Sodium (Na⁺)
B) Potassium (K⁺)
C) Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
D) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
Answer: C) Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
- What is the approximate pH maintained by bicarbonate in pancreatic secretion?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 7
D) 9
Answer: C) 7
- The enzymatic portion of pancreatic secretion is induced by which hormone?
A) Secretin
B) Pepsin
C) Cholecystokinin
D) Insulin
Answer: C) Cholecystokinin
- Which of the following is NOT an enzyme secreted by the pancreas?
A) Amylase
B) Lipase
C) Pepsin
D) Trypsinogen
Answer: C) Pepsin
- Which of the following are the simpler units resulting from the digestion of carbohydrates?
A) Amino acids
B) Fatty acids
C) Monosaccharides
D) Glycerol
Answer: C) Monosaccharides
- Which of the following nutrients can be absorbed without processing?
A) Proteins
B) Lipids
C) Water
D) Carbohydrates
Answer: C) Water
- Which of the following nutrients requires digestion before absorption?
A) Water
B) Electrolytes
C) Proteins
D) Vitamins
Answer: C) Proteins
- What type of enzymes are required for the digestion of large organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
A) Transport enzymes
B) Hydrolytic enzymes
C) Absorptive enzymes
D) Excretory enzymes
Answer: B) Hydrolytic enzymes
The transport of digested nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and water into the bloodstream or lymphatic system is known as:
A) Filtration
B) Absorption
C) Digestion
D) Hydrolysis
Answer: B) Absorption
What is the function of pancreatic amylase?
A) Digestion of proteins
B) Digestion of lipids
C) Digestion of carbohydrates
D) Digestion of nucleic acids
Answer: C) Digestion of carbohydrates
- Lipase is responsible for breaking down which type of macromolecule?
A) Proteins
B) Carbohydrates
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids
Answer: C) Lipids
Which enzyme is responsible for activating trypsinogen into trypsin?
A) Pepsin
B) Enteropeptidase
C) Lipase
D) Amylase
Answer: B) Enteropeptidase
- Where do pancreatic enzymes and bile get released?
A) Stomach
B) Duodenal lumen
C) Large intestine
D) Mouth
Answer: B) Duodenal lumen
- Which pancreatic enzyme digests proteins?
A) Amylase
B) Lipase
C) Trypsin
D) Sucrase
Answer: C) Trypsin
- Chymotrypsinogen is converted into its active form, chymotrypsin, by:
A) Pepsin
B) Enteropeptidase
C) Trypsin
D) Amylase
Answer: C) Trypsin
- Where does the hydrolysis of di- and tripeptides occur?
A) Stomach
B) Cytoplasm of enterocytes
C) Pancreas
D) Liver
Answer: B) Cytoplasm of enterocytes
What is the function of pancreatic procarboxypeptidase?
A) Digests lipids
B) Digests carbohydrates
C) Further breaks down peptides
D) Emulsifies fats
Answer: C) Further breaks down peptides
- Which type of enzymes break down carbohydrates in the mouth and intestinal lumen?
A) Lipases
B) Proteases
C) Glycosidases
D) Nucleases
Answer: C) Glycosidases
- The digestion of disaccharides occurs in the:
A) Stomach
B) Liver
C) Plasma membrane of enterocytes
D) Large intestine
Answer: C) Plasma membrane of enterocytes
- What is the main function of bile in digestion?
A) Digests carbohydrates
B) Emulsifies fats
C) Neutralizes stomach acid
D) Activates pepsin
Answer: B) Emulsifies fats
- Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down elastin, a protein found in connective tissues?
A) Amylase
B) Elastase
C) Lipase
D) Sucrase
Answer: B) Elastase
- What is the role of enterocytes in digestion?
A) Secrete bile
B) Absorb nutrients and complete digestion
C) Store digestive enzymes
D) Neutralize stomach acid
Answer: B) Absorb nutrients and complete digestion
- Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down polysaccharides like starch and glycogen?
A) Lipase
B) Pepsin
C) α-Amylase
D) Trypsin
Answer: C) α-Amylase
- Where is α-amylase produced?
A) Stomach and liver
B) Salivary glands and pancreas
C) Small intestine and kidneys
D) Large intestine and gallbladder
Answer: B) Salivary glands and pancreas
Which of the following is TRUE about pancreatic enzyme secretion?
A) It is stimulated by gastric acid
B) Secretin and cholecystokinin regulate different portions of the secretion
C) Enzymes are stored in active form within the pancreas
D) The stomach is the primary site of enzyme action
Answer: B) Secretin and cholecystokinin regulate different portions of the secretion
- What enzyme breaks down α-limit dextrins into glucose?
A) Sucrase
B) Lactase
C) Isomaltase
D) Maltase
Answer: C) Isomaltase
- Where does the digestion of disaccharides primarily occur?
A) Stomach
B) Liver
C) Brush border of intestinal mucosal cells
D) Colon
Answer: C) Brush border of intestinal mucosal cells
What type of bonds does α-amylase hydrolyze?
A) α-1,6-glucosidic bonds
B) β-1,4-glucosidic bonds
C) α-1,4-glucosidic bonds
D) Peptide bonds
Answer: C) α-1,4-glucosidic bonds
Which of the following is NOT a product of α-amylase digestion?
A) Maltotriose
B) α-Limit dextrins
C) Cellulose
D) Maltose
Answer: C) Cellulose
Why can α-amylase not completely break down glycogen and starch?
A) It only works at very low pH
B) It cannot hydrolyze α-1,6 bonds
C) It requires bile for activation
D) It only digests proteins
Answer: B) It cannot hydrolyze α-1,6 bonds
- Which of the following is NOT a product of α-amylase digestion?
A) Maltotriose
B) Maltose
C) α-Limit dextrins
D) Sucrose
Answer: D) Sucrose
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch and glycogen?
A) Lipase
B) Trypsin
C) α-Amylase
D) Sucrase
Answer: C) α-Amylase
Which enzyme breaks down maltose into glucose?
A) Isomaltase
B) Maltase
C) Trehalase
D) Lactase
Answer: B) Maltase
What type of bonds does α-amylase hydrolyze?
A) α-1,6-glycosidic bonds
B) β-1,4-glycosidic bonds
C) α-1,4-glycosidic bonds
D) Peptide bonds
Answer: C) α-1,4-glycosidic bonds
Which enzyme is responsible for digesting sucrose?
A) Sucrase
B) Isomaltase
C) Maltase
D) Lipase
Answer: A) Sucrase
Which of the following is NOT a final product of carbohydrate digestion?
A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Fructose
D) Maltose
Answer: D) Maltose
What happens to indigestible cellulose in the human body?
A) It is broken down by stomach acid
B) It is absorbed in the small intestine
C) It enters the colon and is excreted in feces
D) It is converted into glucose
Answer: C) It enters the colon and is excreted in feces
What are the final products of carbohydrate digestion?
A) Polysaccharides
B) Disaccharides
C) Monosaccharides
D) Oligosaccharides
Answer: C) Monosaccharides
Why are humans unable to digest cellulose?
A) It has α-1,4 glycosidic bonds
B) Humans lack β(1→4)-glucosidases
C) Cellulose dissolves in stomach acid
D) Cellulose is broken down in the pancreas
Answer: B) Humans lack β(1→4)-glucosidases
Which enzyme digests lactose?
A) Maltase
B) Isomaltase
C) Lactase
D) Trehalase
Answer: C) Lactase
What is the main function of brush border enzymes?
A) To break down complex proteins
B) To digest disaccharides into monosaccharides
C) To digest lipids into fatty acids
D) To produce bile
Answer: B) To digest disaccharides into monosaccharides
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down trehalose?
A) Sucrase
B) Trehalase
C) Isomaltase
D) Maltase
Answer: B) Trehalase
Where are brush border enzymes located?
A) Liver
B) Stomach lining
C) Small intestine
D) Pancreas
Answer: C) Small intestine
