Exam 1 (Worldviews, Biomes, Symbiosis, Evolution, Energy/Ecosystems) Flashcards
the change in population of a trophic level causes the population of other trophic levels to change
Trophic Cascade
plants that grow on other plants but are NOT parasites
Epiphytes
Type of wetland that forms when soil particles are jammed so close together that water can’t get through
Hydric Soil
any living thing
organism
Types of organisms that pollinate plants in a Tropical Rainforest
Insects and small primates
Type of wetland that forms when glaciers push rocks into ground, gouging out soil; sometimes called ‘prairie potholes’
Glacial carve-out
Biome containing trees that drop their leaves once a year
Deciduous forest
plant-eating organisms (include frugivores, folivores, granivores, and nectivores)
herbivores
5 types of adaptations organisms use to survive in deserts
Active times, water conservation, coloration, dormancy, body forms
Scientist who along with others created the disproven theories of use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits, increasing complexity, no extinction events, and equal survival and reproduction
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Strata in a rainforest
5; Emergent layer, canopy, understory, shrub, herb/floor
High abundance and biodiversity, diverse habitats, rich soils, mast crops (dominant food sources)
Deciduous forest
Avg. Precipitation 30-60 in, up to 120 in, equally distributed throughout year
Deciduous forest
Two types of motion water can exhibit in a wetland
Flowing or stagnant
Avg. Precipitation: 12 in - 30 in, up to 75 in (mostly snow in winter)
Coniferous forest
Biome that is a large greenhouse gas sink
Tundra
3 types of grasslands
Shortgrass, tallgrass, mixed
What percentage of the original energy from a producer would a tertiary consumer get?
(0.1%)
Nutrient rich, low minerals, diverse plants/animals, highly endangered biome
Wetlands
2 features that help support trees in Tropical Rainforests
Prop roots and buttresses
Has abundant minerals, few nutrients, high biodiversity, low abundance, has prominent wind and water erosion taking place
Desert
all populations of species within an area
community
composite organism; combo of algae and fungus
Lichen
Which is usually larger, fundamental or realized niche?
Fundamental niche
ability to move matter and/or do work, has no mass and doesn’t occupy space, cannot be recycled
Energy
(-, 0) One organism hurt while another unaffected (Penicillium and bacteria)
Amensalism
Theory of evolution: organisms change in large steps that are isolated in nature, followed by long periods of stagnation
Punctuated Equilibrium
State of sub-optimum conditions where less members of a species survive
Zone of stress
when evolution causes a characteristic in a population to shift in one direction
Directional Impact
cross of two different species
Hybrid
when evolution creates less outliers in a population
Stabilizing impact
Strata in a grassland
None
community AND non-living components (water, soil, temperature, nutrients)
ecosystem
Being active during dusk and dawn, as opposed to nocturnal or diurnal
Crepuscular
Biome that can have 24-hr sunlight or 24-hr darkness depending on latitude or time of year
Tundra
group of organisms that are closely enough related to breed and produce viable offspring
Species
group of one species within a certain geographic region
population
anything that occupies space and has mass, can be recycled
Matter
Strata in a tundra
3; Ground plants, mounding plants, Emergent layer
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight –> glucose + oxygen
Photosynthesis
Strata in coniferous forest
None
how species impact each other and how this influences niche size and other factors
Symbiosis
Theory of evolution: Organisms change gradually but constantly over time to adjust to their environment
Gradualism
rules collectively stating ecosystems near the equator and closer to sea level are more diverse, abundant, and complex
Rapoport’s Rule and Steven’s Rule
(+, -); the host will die in a 2 part relationship (decapitating wasp and caterpillar)
Parasitoidism
meat-eating organisms (include insectivores, rodentivores, piscivores)
carnivores
Avg. Temp: 60-70, extremes from -25 to 125 (hot) / 45, extremes from -45 to 80 (cold)
Desert
Names for parasitism inside and outside the body of the host, respectively
Endoparasitism and Ectoparasitism
species will pick mates with more desirable traits, leading to those traits increasing in the population
Sexual Selection
during the transformational process, some energy will be lost, typically in a dispersed form (heat)
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Rate of economic development where developing nations are allowed to develop at their own pace
Controlled Pace
2 features leaves have to drain water in Tropical Rainforests
Drip-tips and split leaves
(+, -); unlike predation, this doesn’t involve one organism killing another
Parasitism
The set and range of conditions in an ecosystem that an organism can survive in
Range of Tolerance
Contains low soil nutrient levels, abundance, biodiversity, but similar minerals to it’s counterpart
Coniferous forest
species that can live in a wide array of characteristics and only live in specific conditions, respectively
Generalist and Specialist species
model that represents the number and total mass of different trophic levels in an ecosystem and is equivalent to the pyramid of numbers
Pyramid of biomass
Body form found in some desert organisms where blood vessels are near the surface so heat can be exchanged with the outside
Thermal windows
(0, 0) interaction where two species don’t affect each other
Neutralism
Biome found near the equator where animals have adaptations to avoid the effects of toxins in tree leaves
Tropical Rainforest
Avg. Temp 50-52, extremes from -50 to 110
Deciduous forest
group within a species having a distinctive appearance that is often deliberately selected
Breed
predators are less likely to kill prey with better traits, so those traits will increase
Predator Selection
(+, +); has facultative (optional) and obligate (required for survival) types
Mutualism
energy can be transferred from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed
Law of Conservation of Energy (1st Law of Thermodynamics)
Avg. Temp: -18, with extremes from -94 to 75
Tundra
principle stating that organisms have the ability to to obtain resources in a way that avoids direct contact/competition
Lotka-Volterra Principle of Resource Partitioning
when evolution causes a characteristic in a population to move in many directions
Disruptive Impact
Avg. Precipitation: 50-260 in (dry-ish summer and monsoon winter)
Tropical Rainforest
area where multiple biomes intersect
Ecotone
Theory of evolution: the most genetically fit organisms will pass their genes to the most offspring, thus creating a population of more fit organisms
Natural Selection
Scientist who along with others created the theory of natural selection, variations expected (mutations), unequal survival and reproduction, inheritance of parental traits, and extinction
Charles Darwin
Trees in this biome have thick, rough bark, acidic sap, grass stage in youth, and waxy cuticle
Coniferous forest
conditions in which a species will probably die
Deviant region
Ecosystems use solar radiation as their source of energy
1st Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability
meat and plant eating, can be subdivided based on timing (seasonal vs. full time)
omnivores
(+, -) an animal captures, kills, and eats another animal (energy transfer)
Predation
principle stating that organisms competing for the same resource in the same habitat will not continuously/stably coexist (one will leave, die, or change)
Gause’s Principle of Competitive Exclusion
Conditions in which an organism has the highest rate of survival
Optimum range
Avg. Temp: 79, with extremes from 68-93
Tropical Rainforest
Rate of economic development where developed nations withhold technology from developing nations
Uncontrolled Pace (Natural)
Melting permafrost has created many of these in tundras
Sinkholes
Dormancy during the summer, as opposed to hibernation
Aestivation
disturbance to the feeding relationships in an ecosystem
Trophic cascade
Theory of evolution: Organisms that share similar physical features likely have a common ancestor from which they descended
Common Descent
Avg. Precipitation: 6-10 in, extremes from 0.1-15 in (most comes in monsoon season in winter)
Desert
Type of wetland that forms when soil deep underground stays frozen year-round, and new water is trapped on the surface
Permafrost
Avg. Precipitation: 10-30 in, extremes from 5-60 in (mostly snow during winter)
Grasslands
feed on detritus but process it externally and absorb nutrients they need
Decomposers
biome containing cone-bearing plants
Coniferous forest
living and non-living components of an ecosystem, respectively
Biotic and Abiotic factors
species that plays a vitally important role in an ecosystem
Keystone species
Avg. Temp, 15 with extremes from -40 to 100
Grasslands
Theory of evolution: process that happens through speciation, by breaking off a population from an existing species, reproductively isolating them, and allowing them to evolve into a new species
Multiplication of species
Biome that is declining due to subsistence farming, corporate farming, foreign food production, bushmeat harvest, trophy harvest, and pet/ornamental harvest
Tropical Rainforest
Strata in a desert
None
Rate of economic development where developed nations give everything to developing nations
Leap-frogging
Biome with hot and cold, and rocky and sandy classifications
Desert
biome that is like a desert but has abundant water in the summer
Tundra
glucose + oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water + energy
Respiration
Avg. Precipitation: 6-10 in (almost entirely snow; most is in winter)
Tundra
everywhere on the planet that can support life
biosphere
Deciduous forest strata
4; Canopy, Understory, Shurb, Herb/Floor
feed on detritus (dead and decomposing organic material) and process it internally
Detritivores
“short-lived” plants that have a brief active period
Ephemerals
When humans pick what traits are desirable and let individuals with those traits survive and mate
Artificial Selection
biome where grass is a dominant species, there are tropical and temperate types
Grasslands
A change in the frequency of heritable traits
Evolution
biome that occurs on all 7 continents where the ground is seasonally flooded
Wetlands
Avg. Temp: 13, extremes from -65 to 100 (short, cool summer and long, cold winter)
Coniferous forest
closely related enough to produce viable offspring
species
(-, -) set of interactions between two species to get a limited resources; can be intraspecific (members of same species) or interspecific (members of different species)
Competition
when the offspring of crossbreeding parents is larger than both parents
Hybrid Vigor
Theory of evolution: the environment is constantly, but very gradually changing
Perceptual Change
Organisms that are able to manufacture their own food from elemental materials
Autotrophs
Organisms that must rely on other organisms as their source of energy. They consume other organisms, or their parts/byproducts
Heterotrophs
(+, 0); robin benefits from putting nest in yew tree, yew tree is unaffected
Commensalism
