Agriculture Flashcards
Two separate quarters (total of 1/2) of the world’s ag land are farmed with these very different methods
hand tools; mechanized equipment
regions without ready access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food
Food deserts
plowing the land perpendicular to it’s slope so that water doesn’t run and wash away topsoil so fast
Contour farming
5 primary ag challenges
Having food availiable, affordable, safe/healthy for humans, safe for environment, and producing all of that food to meet demands (not a need)
12 states in this region of the US exported a collective $27 billion in ag products in 2023
Midwest
Sustainable farming: Planting corn one year (which uses lots of nitrogen), and then planting soybeans (puts nitrogen into soil)
Crop Rotation
Big question: Do we put climate change ahead or behind food _____ and _____?
productivity; availability
Layers of soil from top to bottom (excluding E)
Organics, Surface, Subsoil, Parent material, bedrock (O, A, B, C, R)
eroded areas that are small enough to step across
Rill Erosion
intake of nutrients and energy too low to maintain your activity levels and too low to maintain a healthy body
Marasmus
Ways to stop erosion: Avoid bare ground by leaving _____ _____ and using _____ _____
crop residue; cover crops
When pesticides go from the environment and to an organism where they are stored
Bioaccumulation
Soil layer: glacial till, river, or lake sediment. Not yet modified noticeably. No notable loss of accumulation.
Parent material (C)
Underconsumption of vitamins and/or minerals
Malnutrition/Malnourishment
What lies below all of the soil layers
Bedrock (R)
not knowing when or where you are going to get your next meal
food insecurity
underconsumption of protein
Kwashiorkor
Sustainable farming: Using a variety of methods to control weeds
Integrated Weed Management
Pesticides: Zectran for example, these are less toxic and very degradable and safer for mammals. They will only remain in the environment for a few weeks, often 7-14 days
Carbamates
Agriculture is responsible for 10% of all _____ _____ _____ in the USA
greenhouse gas emissions
about 500,000 people in Chicago and 750,000 people in NYC are living in these areas
food deserts
Soil layer: Zone of accumulation and zone of decomposition
Organics layer (O)
Sustainable farming: Using a variety of farming methods
Integrated Farming Methods
3 Effects of Soil Compaction
Lose topsoil, Juggles soil horizons (layers), lost nutrients
Pesticides: DDT for example, these are extremely toxic, persistent, and broad spectrum
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
Soil layer: Inorganic matter and humus
Surface layer (A)
When pesticides are passed up through the food chain and grow in concentration
Biomagnification
issue for plants that makes it harder for roots to grow, plants get less oxygen, etc.
Soil compaction
roughly 30 companies control ag supplies and price, controlling who can afford to farm. This situation is called….
Agricultural consolidation
$19 billion in _____ climate investments in agriculture, meaning the investments are repeated
generational
Ways to stop erosion: Reduce and improve efficiency of _____
irrigation
Soil layer: Zone of accumulation (illuviation), Clays, salt, iron, minerals accumulate
Subsoil (B)
2 billion people today are experiencing a lack of _____
food
Sustainable farming: Using a variety of disease control methods rather than one chemical solution
Integrated Disease Management
3 Primary sources of greenhouse gases in agriculture
livestock production, rice production, chemical fertilizers
Ways to stop erosion: Leave a _____ _____ between field and wetland areas
buffer zone
Rougly 44% of all farmworkers are _____ _____
undocumented immigrants
Ways to stop erosion: Till less and install _____ that act as speed bumps for water
terraces
rill/sheet erosion increases water flow into streams, carving away streambanks
Streambank Erosion
growing multiple plants in an area (good because it prevents the spread of diseases)
polyculture
Pesticides: Malathion for example, these are highly toxic but will only remain in the environment for a few months (3-4)
Organophosphates
growing one plant in an area (bad because it encourages the spread of disease)
monoculture
Soil layer: zone of loss due to leaching, can occur between any two layers of soil
Eluviated layer (E)
_____ on other countries decreases domestic ag production
Tariffs
Sustainable farming: Using biological fertilizers rather than chemically-produced ones (must be applied properly; injecting beneath surface)
Biofertilizers
Farm labor needs: for every 1 million immigrants deported, _____ others lose their jobs
88,000
Sustainable farming: Use a variety of methods to control pests
Integrated Pest Management
when rills join together
Sheet Erosion
In a food desert, 6 grocery items may cost $16.33, while in one of these areas, the same items may cost $10.38
food-rich areas
1/2 of the world’s ag land is farmed with…
draft animals
