Exam 1: Week 2 Flashcards
The effects of osmotic pressure on RBCs can cause them to be…
hypertonic: water leaves the cell
isotonic: normal
hypotonic: water comes into cell
why should you put a sprinkle of electrolytes in chicken’s water if you forget to water them?
when severely dehydrated, neurons become dehydrated and drinking straight water can cause edema
snake-bite echinocytosis
type III, very fine, stars legs are smaller than regular echinocytes
morphology and causes
acanthocytes
look more like globs.
liver disease, iron deficiency enemia
Occur as a result of liver disease or inherited disorder of cholesterol metabolism
Both cases lead to excess cholesterol in RBC outer membrane, leading it to form odd folds.
Also seen in iron deficiency anemia, DIC, some neoplasia, degenerative valve disease
morphology and causes
keratocytes
shaped like a horn. prehorn cell has something that looks like bubble and then it ruptures.
If seen in large numbers (can see a couple and don’t panic), may be due to shear stress: microangiopathic hemolysis: DIC, Hemangiosarcoma, Vasculitis
May be due to RBC fragility: Iron deficiency, Oxidant injury
Feline liver disease (unknown pathogenesis)
blister cells, apple stem cells. RBC get sheared in DIC and in hemangiosarcoma could just be bumping into things to get sheared.
morphology and causes
Schistocytes
Imply mechanical damage to erythrocytes
DIC
Hemangiosarcoma (pathognomonic)
Portosystemic shunts
vasculitis
Due to turbulent blood flow, or shearing strands of fibrin in the vessel lumen
morphology and causes
Spherocytes
If in high numbers, think:
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
Due to partial phagocytosis of antibody-coated RBCs
Leads to decreased surface area to volume,
thus the cell ‘balls up’
Can confirm with a Coombs test, or observation of agglutination on blood film
Prolonged storage of blood
What to look at for evidence of schistocytes? (inside the body)
petechia
Why do you look at the body of a slide and not the feathered edge of a blood smear?
RBC on edge have been dragged and won’t look as good and could endorse membrane damage causing them to ball up and become sphereocytes.
morphology and causes
eccentrocytes
cell pinches down on itself
Formed in cases of oxidant stress
Induces cross-linking of membrane proteins
Onions (Dog and cat): Red Maple (horse), Brassica plants (cattle), Copper (sheep), Zinc pennies/shot (dogs), Skunk spray
Often affiliated with hemolytic anemia
morphology and causes
target cells (codocytes)
looks like a target
Have a lump of hemoglobinized cytoplasm
Young erythrocytes with a high surface area: volume ratio: Regenerative anemia
Increased normochromic target cells: Indicates an increase in cholesterol and phospholipid in RBC membrane (Liver disease, Hypothyroid in dogs)
morphology and causes
stomatocytes
look like sesame street martians (open line in cell)
- Due to abnormal phospholipid composition in RBC membrane (Increased sphingomyelin and decreased cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine)
- die of hemolytic anemia
- normal in woodchucks, manatees, and dolphins
- hereditary in alaska malamutes, schnauzers (also macrocytic, hypochromic, associated with chondrodysplasia, dwarfism which are autosomal recessive
define anaplasma in general
microorganisms in RBCs
morphology and causes
Heinz Bodies
Oxidative damage – Heinz sounds like schnoz, a german dude with a big nose, and get from oxidative damage like things from onions and mustard and Heinz makes mustard. Heinz bodies shows there is damage to hemoglobin.
bigger than howell jolly bodies
What is the FAMACHA system and how is it used?
for goat eyes to check for anemia. red, pink, to white
clinical signs of anemia
Pale mucous membranes
Lethargy, reduced exercise tolerance
Increased respiratory rate, dyspnea
Increased heart rate
Murmurs if <20% (increased turbulence)
less than 20% in your PCV, can cause focal collapse
general
anemia causes
loss: hemorrhage
lysis: hemolysis
decreased production by marrow: lifespan of erythrocytes is months
a combination of the above
plasma protein and PCV levels
dehydration
increased PCV and TP
plasma protein and PCV levels
Blood Loss
decreased PCV and decreased TP
plasma protein and PCV levels
PCV WNL and TP decrease could mean…
Decreased protein production, increased protein loss
erythrocyte maturation
rubriblast
prorubricyte
rubricyte (early, middle, late- late is the critical point where they need to turn off division)
metarubricyte (Hb production nearly done)
reticulocyte (nucelus has been extruded, contains residual RNA, mito, ribos)
ertythrocyte
Who are you going to look at first if blood cells aren’t regenerating?
bone marrow
where can you check for reticulocytes in a horse?
the bone marrow
what’s the sitch when you lose plasma proteins and red blood cells at the same time?
bleeding
what type of RBCs can hemangiosarcoma cause?
schistocytes
So, you’ve identified that an animal is anemic, say you look at plasma proteins next… what does it tell you?
normal: erythrocyte destruction or bone marrow impairment
hpoproteinemia: blood loss
hyper: likely dehydration
where does plasma protein come from?
were usually thinking about albumin (liver) and globulin (also made by liver in immune system)
define myelopthisis
anemia due to something taking over the bone marrow cells
How do non-human animals lose iron (mainly)?
bleeding
list some characterisitics of non-regenerative anemia
usually normocytic, normochromic (mcv and mchc within reference intervals)
usually no signifciant shape changes
two reasons why non-regenerative anemia would be microcytic?
iron deficiency
portosystemic shunt
two reasons non-regenerative anemia is macrocytic
feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
myeloproliferative disorder
can also depend on breed of dog and age of blood sample (old blood samples can take on water)
normocyhtic, normochromic, non-regenerative anemia?
something is wrong with the bone marrow
could also be anemia of inflammatory disease (chronic inflammation, something that has been bruised for a long time)
a lot of cases were presenting with decreased appetite and vomitting
what is the root word meaning for cholangio?
bile vessel
what does increased BUN and creatinine usually mean?
azotemia
nitrogen in your blood
where do veterinarians assess blood on a blood slide?
in the monolayer
What are some main (general) causes of regenerative anemia?
blood loss, RBC destruction, recovery from stem cell injury/ bone marrow dysfunction
