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spinal > exam 1 vertebral column/spinal column > Flashcards

exam 1 vertebral column/spinal column Flashcards

1
Q

what is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?

A

33 segments

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2
Q

what is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?

A

26 segments

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3
Q

what constitutes the spine?

A

the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

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4
Q

which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

the ant-bear and three-toed sloth

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5
Q

which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

the manatee and two-toed sloth

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6
Q

what does the term “cervical” refer to?

A

the region of the neck

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7
Q

what does the term “thoracic” refer to?

A

breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso

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8
Q

what other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?

A

the dorsal segments; dorsals

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9
Q

what does the term “lumbar” refer to?

A

the loin; the region between the rib and the hip

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10
Q

what does the term “sacrum” refer to?

A

the holy bone or holy region

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11
Q

what does the term “coccyx” refer to?

A

a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak

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12
Q

what is the length of a typical male spinal column?

A

about 70 cm or 28 inches

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13
Q

what is the length of a typical female spinal column?

A

about 60 cm or 25 inches

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14
Q

what is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?

A

about 3 inches

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15
Q

what is the length of the male cervical region?

A

about 12 cm or 5 inches

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16
Q

what is the length of the male thoracic region?

A

about 28 cm or 11 inches

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17
Q

what is the length of the male lumbar region?

A

about 18 cm or 7 inches

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18
Q

what is the length of the male sacrum?

A

about 12 cm or 5 inches

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19
Q

based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine?

A

about 58 cm or 23 inches

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20
Q

how does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?

A

ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template

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21
Q

what levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weigh-bearing transfer?

A

S1-S3 at the auricular surface

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22
Q

what is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?

A

comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc

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23
Q

what organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?

A

the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

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24
Q

invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?

A

notochord

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25
Q

what is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?

A

paraxial mesoderm

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26
Q

name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite?

A

sclerotome, myotome and dermatome

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27
Q

what are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?

A

membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous

28
Q

migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?

A

the perichordal blastema

29
Q

the perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes

A

neural processes and costal processes

30
Q

what is the name of the arery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?

A

intersegmental artery

31
Q

what forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?

A

the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)

32
Q

the intrasclerotomal fissure gives rise to what developmental feature?

A

the perichordal disc

33
Q

the union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial slerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema gives rise to what feature?

A

the vertbral blastema

34
Q

what vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema

A

the segmental artery

35
Q

when will cartilage first form in the membranous vertbral blastema?

A

beginning in the 6th embryonic week

36
Q

what is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?

A

chondrification

37
Q

how many center of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?

A

six– 2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arches, 2 for each transverse process

38
Q

what is the earliest time that center of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?

A

during the 7th embryonic week

39
Q

what is the name given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

primary centers appear in utero, secondary centers appear after birth

40
Q

what is the ration of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?

A

3 primary centers

5 secondary centers

41
Q

what are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?

A

centrum centers and neural arch centers

42
Q

what are the names/locations of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?

A

tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers

43
Q

what is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebrae?

A

during puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old

44
Q

what is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?

A

cervical– rectangular
thoracic– triangular
lumbar– reniform

45
Q

what is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?

A

superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim

46
Q

what is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and articular processes attach?

A

the lamina-pedicle junction

47
Q

what is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?

A

cervical– posterolateral
thoracic– posterior, slight lateral
lumbar– posterior

48
Q

what ligament will attach to the lamina?

A

the ligamentum flavum

49
Q

what is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?

A

para-articular process

50
Q

what classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?

A

accessory bone

51
Q

what is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?

A

shingling

52
Q

what is the name given to the lamina-pedicle junction at each region of the spine?

A

cervical– articular pillar

thoracic and lumbar– pars interarticularis

53
Q

what is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch-spinous process on lateral X-ray?

A

the spinolaminar junction

54
Q

what is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?

A

cervical– anterolateral
thoracic– posterolateral
lumbar– lateral

55
Q

all non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?

A

the costal element

56
Q

what will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?

A

cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position

57
Q

what will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?

A

the growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward

58
Q

what is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of the vertebral couple?

A

the zygapophysis

59
Q

what will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

the inferior articular process/post-zygapophysis, the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum

60
Q

what will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

the inferior vertebral notch or interior vertebral incisure

61
Q

what will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure

62
Q

what will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

the vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament

63
Q

what is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?

A

calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process and the horizontal plane

64
Q

what is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on X-ray?

A

imbrication

65
Q

what is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?

A

cervical– slight angle inferiorly
thoracic– noticeable angle inferiorly
lumbar– no inferior angle

spinal (7 decks)

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