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spinal > exam 1 osteology > Flashcards

exam 1 osteology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four basic tissues of the human body?

A

epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissues

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2
Q

what is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

osteoblast– form bone
osteocyte– maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast– remodel bone

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3
Q

what is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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4
Q

what is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

collagen type I

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5
Q

what is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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6
Q

what is wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?

A

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

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7
Q

what are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as living?

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

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8
Q

what is bone the embryological derivative of?

A

mesenchyme or cartilage

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9
Q

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

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10
Q

what is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

from the second to third month in utero

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11
Q

what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

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12
Q

what part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocranium

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13
Q

which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the clavicle

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14
Q

what are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

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15
Q

what are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bones?

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

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16
Q

what are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal II?

A

heterotopic and accessory bone

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17
Q

what is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

heterotopic bone

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18
Q

what is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

accessory bone

19
Q

what is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

A

it is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)

20
Q

what are the names given to the parts of a long bone?

A

the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

21
Q

what is the primary characteristic of short bones?

A

they are essentially cuboidal

22
Q

what are examples of short bones?

A

most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

23
Q

what are examples of flat bones?

A

the parietal bone and sternum

24
Q

what are examples of pneumatic bone?

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal

25
Q

what is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

A

the bone develops within a tendon

26
Q

what are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

A

patella and pisiform

27
Q

what are examples of heterotopic bone?

A

calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart and ligaments

28
Q

what are examples of accessory bone?

A

para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae

29
Q

what are the four basic surface feature categories?

A

elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets

30
Q

when do the surface features of bone become prominent?

A

during and after puberty

31
Q

what are the types of osseous linear elevation?

A

the line, ridge and crest

32
Q

what are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

A

tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus

33
Q

what are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

spine and process

34
Q

what are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

linear and rounded depressions

35
Q

what are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

notch or incisure, groove and sulcus

36
Q

what are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

A

fovea and fossa

37
Q

what are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

A

ostium or orifice and hiatus

38
Q

what are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

A

foramen or canal

39
Q

what is the definition of an osseous foramen?

A

an ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone

40
Q

what is the definition of an osseous canal?

A

an ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone

41
Q

what is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

A

meatus

42
Q

what is the definition of an osseous fissure?

A

an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones

43
Q

what are the categories of osseous facets?

A

flat facets and rounded facets

44
Q

what are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

articular heads and articular condyles

spinal (7 decks)

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