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Pharmacology > Exam 1 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 1 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Any chemical that can affect living processes

A

Drug

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2
Q

Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

A

Pharmacology

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3
Q

Study of drugs in humans

A

Clinical pharmacology

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4
Q

The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease
Or to prevent pregnancy

A

Therapeutics AKA pharmacotherapeutics

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5
Q

3 most important properties of an ideal drug

A

Effectiveness (most important)
Safety
Selectivity

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6
Q

How to minimize adverse effects

A

Always know:
- *The major adverse effects of the drug
- Early signs that an adverse reaction is developing
- The times when these reactions are likely to occur
- Interventions that can minimize discomfort

Take a thorough drug history
Monitor adverse interactions that are known to occur
Avoid drug interactions

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7
Q

Act that created the classes of Scheduled drugs

A

Controlled Substances Act, 1970

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8
Q

3 types of drug names

A

Chemical name
Generic name (nonproprietary)
Trade name (proprietary)

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9
Q

The study of drug movement throughout the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

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10
Q

Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

A

Absorption

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11
Q

Movement of drugs throughout the body

A

Distribution

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12
Q

3 factors drug distribution is determined by

A

Blood flow to tissues
Exiting the vascular system
Entering cells

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13
Q

Where does drug metabolism most often take place?

A

In the liver

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14
Q

What is most drug metabolism in the liver performed by?

A

The P450 system (hepatic microsomes enzyme system)

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15
Q

The removal of drugs from the body

A

Excretion

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16
Q

Steps in renal drug excretion

A

Glomerular filtration
Passive tubular reabsorption
Active tubular secretion

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17
Q

What is the objective of drug dosing?

A

To maintain plasma levels within the therapeutic range

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18
Q

What is the therapeutic range?

A

When there is enough drug to produce therapeutic responses (above the minimum effective concentration) but not so much that toxicity results (below toxic concentration)

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19
Q

The time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%

A

Half-life

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20
Q

The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs

A

Pharmacodynamics

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21
Q

The relationship between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of the response produced

A

Dose-response relationship

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22
Q

What does the dose-response relationship determine?

A

The minimum amount of drug to be used
The maximum response a drug can elicit
How much to increase the dosage to produce desired increase in response

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23
Q

The largest effect that a drug can produce

A

Maximal efficacy

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24
Q

The amount of drug that must be given to produce an effect

A

Relative potency

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25
Q

Special chemicals in the body that most drugs interact with to produce effects

A

Receptors

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26
Q

What occurs when a drug binds to a receptor?

A

It mimics or blocks the action of the endogenous regulatory molecules
And increases or decreases the rate of the physiologic activity normally controlled by that receptor

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27
Q

Why is it good for a drug to be more selective?

A

The more selective a drug is, the fewer side effects it will produce

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28
Q

Molecules that activate receptors

A

Agonists

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29
Q

What do agonists do?

A

Activate receptors
Make processes go faster or slower

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30
Q

Characteristics of agonists

A

Affinity
High intrinsic activity

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31
Q

Prevent receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs

A

Antagonists

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32
Q

Characteristics of antagonists

A

Affinity
No intrinsic activity

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33
Q

What can cause a receptor to be more sensitive?

A

Continuous exposure to an antagonist

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34
Q

What causes a receptor to be desensitized?

A

Continuous exposure to an agonist

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35
Q

Formula used to measure interpatient variability

A

ED50

36
Q

Measure of a drug’s safety

A

Therapeutic index

37
Q

What will the therapeutic index be like in a safer drug?

A

Larger/higher therapeutic index

38
Q

What will the therapeutic index be like in a less safe drug?

A

Smaller/lower therapeutic index

39
Q

Which types of drug-drug interactions alter absorption?

A

Interactions of oral medications

40
Q

Ways distribution is altered with drug-drug interactions

A

Competition for protein binding
Alteration of extra cellular pH

41
Q

Ways renal excretion is altered with drug-drug interactions

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Active secretion

42
Q

Most important and complex mechanism in which drugs interact

A

Altered metabolism
Cytochrome P450 group of enzymes

43
Q

What occurs when drugs interact with each other at the same receptor?

A

Almost always inhibitory (agonist/antagonist)

44
Q

What occurs when drugs interact with each other at separate sites?

A

May be potentiative (work better together)
Or
Inhibitory

45
Q

How to minimize adverse drug-drug interactions

A

**Take a drug history
*Monitor the patient for early signs of toxicity
Minimize number of drugs a patient receives
Be aware of possible illicit drug use
Adjust dose when metabolizing inducers are added or deleted
Adjust timing of administration to minimize interference with absorption
Be extra vigilant when patient is taking drug with low therapeutic index

46
Q

How does grapefruit juice affect drugs?

A

Affects drug metabolism and the P450 enzymes
Inhibits the metabolism of certain drugs, increasing the drugs’ blood levels

47
Q

Example of a drug that is affected by grapefruit juice

A

Cuclosporine

48
Q

Any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

A

Adverse drug reactions

49
Q

Nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses

A

Side effect

50
Q

Adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing

A

Toxicity

51
Q

Immune response to a drug

A

Allergic reaction

52
Q

Uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

A

Idiosyncratic effect

53
Q

The opposite of the intended drug response

A

Paradoxical effect

54
Q

Disease produced by a physician or by drugs

A

Iatrogenic disease (drug-induced disease)

55
Q

State in which the body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that an abstinence syndrome will result if drug use is discontinued

A

Physical dependence

56
Q

Cancer causing effect of drugs

A

Carcinogenic effect

57
Q

Drug-induced birth effect

A

Teratogenic effect

58
Q

Signs of liver injury:

A

Jaundice
Dark urine
Light-colored stools
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal discomfort
Loss of appetite
Malaise

59
Q

How to monitor the liver for toxicity

A

Watch for signs of jaundice
Monitor liver function tests

60
Q

How to monitor the kidney for signs of toxicity

A

Routine urinalysis
Serum creatinine level (with periodic creatinine clearance testing)

61
Q

Ways to monitor bone marrow for toxicity

A

Periodic blood cell counts

62
Q

Strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market

A

Black box warnings

63
Q

Potentially severe side effects black box warnings warn for

A

Life threatening dysrhythmias
Suicidality
Major fetal harm

Avoid teratogenic drug during pregnancy

64
Q

Top human factors that cause medication errors

A

Performance deficits (most common)
Knowledge deficits
*miscalculation of dosage

65
Q

Decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration

A

Tolerance

66
Q

Three types of drug tolerance

A

Pharmacodynamic tolerance (long-term administration)
Metabolic tolerance (accelerated drug metabolism)
Tachyphylaxis (repeated dosing over a short time)

67
Q

Ability of a drug to reach the systemic circulation from its site of administration

A

Bioavailability

68
Q

Type of administration that uses bioavailability

A

Oral

69
Q

Study of how genes affect individual drug responses

A

Pharmacogenomics

70
Q

The passing of traits from one generation to another

A

Genetics

71
Q

All of a person’s genes

A

Genome

72
Q

Benefits of pharmacogenomics

A

Individualized and more specific drug therapies
Reduces adverse drug reactions

73
Q

Age range for pediatric patients

A

All patients younger than 16 years old

74
Q

What are neonates and infants more at risk for relation to pharmacokinetics? Why?

A

Elevated drug levels = more intense response
Delayed elimination = prolonged response

Immaturity of organs

75
Q

How is absorption affected with oral meds in neonates and infants?

A

May be prolonged

76
Q

How is absorption affected with IM medications for neonates and infants?

A

Neonates: Delayed due to low blood flow during first few days of life
Early infancy: More rapid

77
Q

How is absorption affected with transdermal meds for infants?

A

Blood flow to skin is greater because skin is very thin. So infants are at increased risk of toxicity from topical drugs

78
Q

How is distribution of drugs affected in neonates and infants?

A
  • Reduced dosage needed because
  • limited drug/protein binding
  • Amount of serum albumin is relatively low
  • blood brain barrier not fully developed (drugs have easy access to CNS)
79
Q

In which age group do children metabolize drugs faster than adults?

A

Until 2 years of age

80
Q

Goal of treatment for older adults?

A

Reduce symptoms and improve quality of life

81
Q

How is absorption affected in older adults?

A

Rate of absorption slows

82
Q

How is distribution affected in older adults?

A

Decreased protein binding of drugs and increased levels of free drugs

83
Q

How is metabolism affected in older adults?

A

Hepatic metabolism declines
Half-lives of some drugs may increase, prolonging responses
Some oral drug responses may be enhanced

84
Q

How is excretion affected in older adults

A

Renal function declines causing potential for drug accumulation

85
Q

Most important cause of adverse drug reactions in older adults

A

Drug accumulation due to reduced renal excretion

86
Q

Nursing considerations for older adults taking medications

A

Renal function should be assessed
Using creatinine clearance rather than serum creatinine
(Creatinine levels may be normal even though kidney function is greatly reduced)

87
Q

Nursing considerations to reduce ADRs in older adults

A

Monitor patients response and plasma drug levels

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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