Exam 1 Study Questions Flashcards
Force distributed over area
Pressure
___ pressure causes air to enter a chamber that has expanded until the pressure is equalized
Negative
How many vertebrae are in cervical vertebrae?
7
How many vertebrae are in thoracic vertebrae?
12
How many vertebrae are in lumbar vertebrae?
5
How many vertebrae are in sacral vertebrae (fused)?
4
Contraction of the diaphragm increases the ___ dimension of the thorax.
vertical
Contraction of the accessory muscles of inspiration increases the ____ dimension of the thorax.
horizontal
Contraction of the muscles of expiration ____ the volume of the thorax
decrease
Emphysema results in a breakdown of the alveolar wall, resulting in enlargement of alveolar clusters and consequent enlargement of the thorax known as “barrel chest.” The result of this is that the diaphragm is pulled down at rest. Discuss the implications of the muscular action of inspiration and expiration in this altered system.
In an altered system, the diaphragm is pulled down at rest and thus expiration would be much more difficult for the person to release air from the lungs.
The study of the structure of an organism
anatomy
The study of the function of a living organism and its parts
physiology
Anatomical study for diagnosis and treatment of disease
applied anatomy aka clinical anatomy
Anatomical study involved in the description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions, viewing the body as a composite of systems that function together
descriptive anatomy aka systematic anatomy
The study of the structure and function of cells
cytology
The study of structure and function of bones
osteology
The study of form and function of muscle
myology
The study of the nervous system
neurology
Skin and mucous membrane are made up of ___ tissue
epithelial
A particularly important connective tissue because it is both strong and elastic
areolar
Contractile tissue
muscle tissue
Bind organs together or hold bones to bone or cartilage
ligaments
A sheetlike membrane surrounding organs
fascia
Attach muscle to bone or cartilage
tendon
Relatively immobile point of attachment of a muscle
cartilage
Relatively mobile point of attachment of a muscle
joint
This system includes smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle of the body
muscular system
This system includes the bones and cartilages that form the structure of the body
skeletal system
This system includes the passageways and tissues involved in gas exchange with the environment, including the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities, the trachea and bronchial passageway, and lungs
respiratory system
This system includes the esophagus, liver, intestines, and associated glands
digestive system
This system includes the nerve tissue and structures of the central and peripheral nervous system
nervous system
This speech system includes the passageways and tissues involved in gas exchange with the environment, including the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities, the trachea and bronchial passageway, and lungs
respiratory system
This speech system is involved in production of voiced sound and utilizes components of the respiratory system (the laryngeal structures)
phonatory system
This speech system is the combination of structures used to alter the characteristics of the sounds of speech, including parts of the anatomically defined digestive and respiratory systems (the tongue, lips, teeth, soft palate, etc)
articulatory system
This speech system includes the nasal cavity and soft palate and portions of the anatomically defined respiratory and digestive systems
resonatory system
As our field has developed, the professionals working with speech and language became known as “speech-language pathologists.” Reflecting on the terminology you have just reviewed, to what does the term “pathologist” refer?
Pathology is the study of different diseases. Thus, SLPs are experts in the nontypical speech and language behaviors and work to enhance the individual’s effective communication.
Passive expiration involves the forces of ______ and _______
gravity and elasticity
Volume of air that we breathe in during a respiratory cycle
Tidal Volume (TV)
Volume that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Volume that can be exhaled after a tidal expiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) aka resting lung volume
Volume remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
Vital Capacity (VC) VC = TV + IRV + ERV
The combination of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume
Vital Capacity
Volume of air remaining in the body after a passive exhalation
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
FRC = ERV (expiratory reserve) + RV (residual)
Sum of all the volumes
Total Lung Capacity
TLC = IC + FRC
Volume of air that cannot undergo gas exchange
Dead Space Air
Air pressure measured within the oral cavity
Intraoral Mouth Pressure
Air pressure measured below the vocal folds
subglottal pressure
pressure within the alveolus
Alveolar or Pulmonic pressure
pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes
pleural or intrapleural pressure
when the diaphragm contracts, pressure within the alveolus ____
decreases
When air pressure within the lungs is lower than that of the atmosphere, air will ____ the lungs
fill (inhalation)
When the body is placed in a reclining position, the resting lung volume ____
increases
Use of the muscles of inspiration to impede the outward flow of air during speech is termed _____
checking action
The maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
Inspiratory Capacity
IC = TV + IRV
fixators
muscles that stabilize structures through contraction
