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anatomy and physiology of speech > 9. Anatomy of Hearing > Flashcards

9. Anatomy of Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the Outer Ear

A

Temporal Bone
Left Cochlea
Brain

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2
Q

Hearing system is a

A

transducer

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3
Q

What energies are involved in the hearing system? What is the relation?

A

Acoustic and electrochemical energy

Transducting: acoustic energy is converted into electrochemical energy

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4
Q

Temporal bone contains

A

middle and inner ear

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5
Q

Audition

A

process associated with hearing

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6
Q

Transduction

A

ear converts acoustic energy into electrochemical energy

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7
Q

Auditory mechanism

A

inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
auditory pathway

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8
Q

Outer ear aka

A

pinna aka auricle

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9
Q

Components

A 
Helix
Antihelix
Concha
Scaphoid Fossa
Crura Anthelicis
Trianglualr Fossa
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10
Q

Role of Outer Ear

A

collects sound; localizes sound in space; captures sound energy

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11
Q

Parts of Concha

A

Concha Auriculae
Cymba Conchae
Cavum Conchae

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12
Q

Exterior area of ear

A

Targus
Antitargus
Intertragic Incisure
Lobule (Lobe)

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13
Q

Ear Canal

A

External Auditory Meatus (EAM)

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14
Q

EAM

A

External Auditory Meatus aka Ear Canal

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15
Q

EAM is ____ -shaped

A

S

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16
Q

How much of EAM is cartilage?

A

1/3 (lateral)

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17
Q

How much of EAM is temporal bone?

A

2/3 (medial)

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18
Q

Tympanic membrane (TM)

A

Ear Drum

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19
Q

Ear Drum

A

Tympanic membrane (TM)

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20
Q

What shape is the TM?

A

Oval

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21
Q

What are the three layers of tissue of the TM?

A

Cuticular layer
Fibrous layer
Mucous layer

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22
Q

Outer tissue layer of TM

A

Cuticular layer - continuation of epithelial lining of EAM and pinna

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23
Q

Intermediate tissue of TM

A

Fibrous layer
deep - circular fibers, periphery of membrane
superficial - fibers radiate out of handle of malleus to periphery

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24
Q

Inner tissue of TM

A

Mucous layer

continuous with mucosa of middle ear

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25
Q

Pars flaccida

A

superior to malleus

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26
Q

Manubrium malli

A

points of attachment exterior TM

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27
Q

Umbo

A

most distal attachement of manubrium

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28
Q

Cone of Light

A

Tensed membrane

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29
Q

Result of tension arising from attachment of manubrium to TM

A

Cone of Light

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30
Q

Middle Ear Cavity

A

houses middle ear ossicles

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31
Q

Medial wall of MEC

A

separates middle ear from cochlea

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32
Q

promontory of MEC

A

bulge from basal turn of cochlea

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33
Q

oval window of MEC

A

stapes footplate fits into space; lateral wall of vestible that links three osseous semicircular canals by apertures

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34
Q

lateral semicircular canal

A

part of vestibular system to determine position in space
shaking head “no”
body rotation

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35
Q

aeration

A

auditory tube brings in oxygen to middle ear (ONLY WAY)

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36
Q

Auditory tube

A

equalizes pressure differences between atmposphere and middle ear space

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37
Q

Auditory tube is connected to ______ in ____ and ____ orientation

A

nasopharynx
medially
anteriorly

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38
Q

Jugular bulb

A

underneath middle ear cavity floor

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39
Q

Interaction of these three canals allows brain to orient body’s position and orientation in 3D space

A

osseous semicircular canals

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40
Q

Anterior semicircular canal

A

side-to-side movement

head moving toward shoulders

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41
Q

posterior semicircular canal

A

nodding head yes

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42
Q

How does auditory system develop overall sense of rotation?

A

Anterior semicircular canal of one ear is parallel to posterior canal of other ear

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43
Q

ampulla

A

sensory organ for movement

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44
Q

inertia

A

responsible for stability and shape of canals

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45
Q

What structure houses the sensory organ for hearing?

A

Cochlea

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46
Q

What structure houses the sensory organs for balance?

A

Vestibular organ

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47
Q

The ___ of each semicircular canal houses the sensory mechanism for that canal

A

Ampulla

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48
Q

Cochlea

A

houses sensory organs for hearing

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49
Q

Cochlea coil makes just less(fewer) than ___ turns from base to apex

A

3

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50
Q

Modiolus

A

fibers of VIII vestibulocochlear nerve passes through perforation

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51
Q

Internal auditory meatus

A

VII facial nerve enters cranial activity

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52
Q

VIII vestibulocochlear nerve exits

A

temporal bone and enters cranial space

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53
Q

Vestibular organ

A

house sensory organs for balance

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54
Q

scala vestibuli

A

begins at vestibule and becomes inner part of spiral

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55
Q

how does scala vestibuli connect with middle ear space?

A

oval window

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56
Q

scala media

A

between vestibuli and tympani

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57
Q

endolymph

A

inner labyrinth fluid

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58
Q

perilympth

A

outer labyrinth fluid

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59
Q

Helicotrema

A

connects scala vestibuli and scala tympani

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60
Q

how does scala tympani connect with middle ear?

A

round window

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61
Q

The ___ of each semiciruclar canal houses the sensory mechanism of that canal

A

ampulla

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62
Q

Stapes footplate

A

fits in oval window and pushes on fluid

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63
Q

Fluid-filled sac rests within cavity of osseous labyrinth

A

Membranous labyrinth

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64
Q

Fluid within membranous labyrinth

A

endolymph

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65
Q

Fluid outside of the membranous labyrinth

A

perilymph

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66
Q

Houses sensory organ of each semicircular canal

A

ampulla

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67
Q

found in each ampulla

A

crista ampularis

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68
Q

overlays each crista ampularis

A

cupola

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69
Q

Many ___ protrude from each hair cell

A

sterocilia

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70
Q

One ___ protrudes from each hair cell

A

kinocilium

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71
Q

The ___ and ___ are within the membranous vestibule

A

saccule and utricle

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72
Q

what are the three bones in the ossicular chain?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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73
Q

which muscle looks like a hammer?

A

malleus

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74
Q

which muscle looks like an anvil?

A

incus

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75
Q

which muscle looks like a stirrup?

A

stapes

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76
Q

ossicles are ___ to the tympanic membrane

A

medial

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77
Q

produced by the articulation of the lateral process within the tympanic membrane

A

pars flaccida

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78
Q

forms articulation between malleus and incus

A

malleoincudal joint

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79
Q

point of articulation of incus and stapes

A

lenticular process

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80
Q

muscle arising from posterior wall of middle ear cavity

A

stapedius muscle

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81
Q

muscle that tenses tympanic membrane

A

tensor tympani muscle

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82
Q

efferent innervation of the hair cell is

A

inhibitory

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83
Q

rests atop the hair cells

A

tectorial membrane

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84
Q

organ of corti rests on

A

basilar membrane

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85
Q

Deiters’ Cells

A

bed that four rows of hair cells rest on

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86
Q

Where are inner and outer hair cells located?

A

organ of corti

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87
Q

How many cells and rows in inner hair cells?

A

one row; 3500 cells

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88
Q

how many cells and rows in outer hair cells?

A

three rows; 12,000 cells

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89
Q

“many-to-one” innervation

A

inner hair cell innervates as many as 10 VIII nerve fibers; “10 times as many votes”

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90
Q

“one-to-many” innervation

A

outer hair cells

Shares innervation with 10 other outer hair cells that are all innervated by SAME VIII nerve fiber

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91
Q

Reissner’s Membrane

A

separates scala vestibuli and scala media

92
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

separation between scala media and tympani

93
Q

osseus spiral lamina

A

medial attachment of membranous labyrinth

94
Q

stria vascularis

A

distal side of scala media; highly vascularized labyrinth

95
Q

cause excitation of hair cells in cochlea

A

Mechanical Processes

96
Q

process of extracting info about frequency components of sound

A

Spectral Analysis

97
Q

result of stimulation by mechanical processes

A

Electrochemical Processes

98
Q

T or F: When the tympanic membrane moves inward, the stapes footplate in the oval window also moves in

A

True

99
Q

T or F: Movement of the stapes footplate is a direct analog to the compressions and rarefactions of sound

A

True

100
Q

T or F: When the Reissner’s membrane is distended away from the scala media

A

False

Reissner’s membrane moves toward scala media

101
Q

Stimulation of basilar membrane results in

A

Traveling wave

102
Q

Where in cochlea is high-frequency stimulation processed?

A

Base

103
Q

T or F: The point of maximum amplitude excursion of the traveling wave on the basilar membrane is the primary point of excitation of the hair cells

A

True

104
Q

The basilar membrane has ____ mass at the apex than at the base

A

more

105
Q

The basilar membrane has ____ width at the apex than at the base

A

more

106
Q

The basilar membrane has ____ stiffness at the apex

A

less

107
Q

T or F: The shearing relationship between the tectorial membrane and outer hair cells causes the cilia to bend

A

true

108
Q

T or F: The shearing relationship between the tectorial membrane and the inner hair cells causes the cilia to bend

A

False

109
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal cord

110
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Sensory receptors

111
Q

Parts of neuron

A

Axon, Terminal bouton, Dendrites, Soma, Synapse

112
Q

Types of neurons

A

Interneurons
Motor neurons
Sensory neurons

113
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Motor neurons

info passes from cortex to other regions

114
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Sensory neurons

info concerning body state passes to brain or brain centers

115
Q

Speeds up rate of conduction of neuron

A

Myelin

116
Q

Areas in which myelin is missing

A

Nodes of Ranvier

117
Q

Body of neuron

A

Soma

118
Q

Reside within terminal end button of neuron

A

Synaptic Vesicles

119
Q

Found within synaptic vesicles

A

Neurotransmitter

120
Q

Neurotransmitter substances released into

A

Synaptic cleft

121
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent neurons

122
Q

Information generally exits through the

A

Axon

123
Q

Information is generally received at the

A

Dendrites

124
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent neurons

125
Q

Corpus callosum is made up of ____ fibers

A

Commissural

126
Q

____ fibers connect one location on hemisphere with corresponding location on other hemisphere

A

Commissural

127
Q

____ connect cerebrum with distant structures

A

Projection Fibers

128
Q

Connect neurons of one gyrus to the next, traversing the sulcus

A

Short Association Fibers

129
Q

Interconnect lobes of brain within same hemisphere

A

Long Association Fibers

130
Q

Arcuate fasiculus is example of group of

A

Long Association Fibers

131
Q

Most superficial lining of brain

A

Dura mater

132
Q

Lacelike covering through which many blood vessels for brain pass

A

Arachnoid mater

133
Q

Inner-most layer of meinges

A

Pia mater

134
Q

Inside each ventricle of CSF is ____ which produces cerebrospinal fluid

A

choroid plexus

135
Q

Largest of ventricles of CSF and are found in each lobe of cerebrum

A

lateral ventricles of CSF

136
Q

Passageway between lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricles of CSF____

A

foramen of monro

137
Q

Medial cavity between left and right thalami

A

3rd ventricle of CSF

138
Q

3rd ventricle is connected fo 4th ventricle by means of (ventricles of CSF)

A

cerebral aqueduct

139
Q

situated behind pons and medulla

A

4th ventricle of CSF

140
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

141
Q

Area of brain critical for coordination of movement

A

Cerebellum

142
Q

Final sensory relay for sensory info conducted to cerebrum

A

Thalamus

143
Q

Regulates reproductive behavior and physiology and desire for food and water

A

Hypothalamus

144
Q

Damage to ____ will result in movement deficit

A

Basal Ganglia

145
Q

Area in brain responsible for highest cognitive function of self reflection

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

146
Q

Motor act rehearsal and response inhibition

A

Supplementary Motor Area

147
Q

Execution of simple motor function

A

Precentral Gyrus

148
Q

Execution of complex motor acts as well as planning

A

Premotor Gyrus

149
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Where expressive language is processed

150
Q

Orbiofrontal cortex

A

Recognized as area of emotional regulation

151
Q

Parietal lobe part of dorsal visual stream

A

intraparietal sulcus

152
Q

Numeric calculation

A

intraparietal sulcus

153
Q

Phonolgical procesing

A

Supramarginal gyrus

154
Q

Area designated for reading

A

Angular Gyrus

155
Q

Primary reception area of body sense

A

Postcentral Gyrus

156
Q

Lesion results in acaluclia

A

Intraparietal Sulcus

157
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Interior parietal lobule

158
Q

Area on temporal lobe is primary receptive area for audition

A

Heschl’s gyrus

159
Q

comprehension of language

A

Wernicke’s area

160
Q

memory

A

hippocampus

161
Q

face recognition

A

fusiform gyrus

162
Q

T or F:dorsal visual stem is “what” stem

A

true

163
Q

Occipital lobe primary reception area for vision

A

calcarine sulcus

164
Q

motor programming for speech sounds

A

insula

165
Q

critical for sense of taste

A

insula

166
Q

sense of self

A

insula

167
Q

Distal root fibers of spinal cord are (afferent/efferent) because ______

A

afferent
Pass into dorsal or posterior part of spinal cord
Carry sensory info to spinal cord

168
Q

Ventral root fibers of spinal cord are (afferent/efferent) because _____

A

efferent
Arise from anterior or ventral portion of spinal cord
Carry impulses that cause muscles to move

169
Q

The information lifeline to and from the periphery of the body

A

Spinal Cord

170
Q

Myelin sheath over tracts of the spinal cord

A

White Matter

171
Q

Regions of the body served by sensory neurons aka

A

Dermatomes

172
Q

Which root fibers are afferent?

A

Distal root fibers

173
Q

Cell bodies in spinal cord make up

A

Gray Matter

174
Q

Sensory information is carried through the

A

Dorsal root fibers (afferent)

175
Q

Motor information is conveyed through the

A

Ventral root fibers (efferent)

176
Q

Sensory pathways are known as

A

afferent

177
Q

Motor pathways are known as

A

efferent

178
Q

Gray matter is made up of

A

cell bodies

179
Q

White matter is made up of

A

Myelinated fibers

180
Q

Simplest stimulus-response system of nervous system

A

Spinal Reflex Arc

181
Q

Pathways through which info reaches higher centers of brain

A

Tracts

182
Q

Info entering from the right side of the body ends on the _____ side of the brain

A

Left

183
Q

_____ pathways transmit sensory information

A

Afferent

184
Q

______ pathways transmit motor commands

A

Efferent

185
Q

Because it activates muscles served by the spinal cord it is called the

A

Corticospinal Tract

186
Q

Point at which fibers cross from one side to the other is

A

Pyramidal Decussation

187
Q

Pyramidal decussation is within the

A

Medulla

188
Q

“bulb” refers to the

A

Brain stem

189
Q

_____ tract activates cranial nerves

A

Corticobulbar

190
Q

Parts of Brainstem

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
MIdbrain

191
Q

Motor nuclei

A

impulses from cerebrum transmitted by means of corticobulbar tract

192
Q

XII cranial nerve (hypoglossal) emerges from

A

Medulla

193
Q

Immediately above medulla

A

Pons

194
Q

Lowest portion of brainstem

A

Medulla

195
Q

Superior-most structure of brainstem

A

Midbrain

196
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles arise from

A

Pons

197
Q

Pyramidal decussation is within

A

Medulla

198
Q

Most of 4th cerebral ventricle is associated w/

A

Pons

199
Q

Which nerve innervates muscle of mastication and facial sensation?

A

V Trigeminal Nerve

200
Q

Which nerve has both spinal and brainstem components?

A

XI Accessory

201
Q

Which branch of trigeminal nerve transmits info about lower teeth?

A

Mandibular

202
Q

Which branch of trigeminal nerve provides motor innervation of muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular

203
Q

Which branch of trigeminal nerve provides sensory info concerning maxillary region?

A

Maxillary

204
Q

Which nerve provides motor innervation of face?

A

VII Facial

205
Q

Which branch or nerve conducts auditory info?

A

VIII Auditory Branch

206
Q

Innervates superior pharyngeal constrictor

A

IX Glossopharyngeal

207
Q

Innervates muscle most responsible for pitch change in voice

A

X Vagus Sup. Laryngeal Nerve

208
Q

Nerve responsible for activation of muscles of tongue

A

XII Hypoglossal

209
Q

Innervates muscles of adduction and abduction

A

X Vagus Rec. Laryngeal Nerve

210
Q

What role does frontal lobe play?

A

Cognitive processes

211
Q

What role does parietal lobe play?

A

Body sensation

212
Q

What role does temporal lobe play?

A

Speech and language

input of auditory information

213
Q

What are important speech and language areas of temporal lobe?

A

Heschl’s Gyrus
Wernicke’s Area
Hippocampus

214
Q

What are important areas of speech and language in occipital lobe?

A

Damage to INSULAR LOBE could result in Broca’s aphasia and verbal apraxia

215
Q

Central Fissure aka

A

Rolandic Fissure or Central Sulcus

between Frontal and Parietal lobes

216
Q

What are important speech and language areas of Precentral Gyrus of Central Fissure?

A

Precentral Gyrus aka Motor Strip

SPEECH MUSCLE ACTIVATION (at bottom)

217
Q

What are important speech and language areas of Premotor Region of Central Fissure?

A

Broca’s Area

218
Q

grooves/infolding of cortex

A

Sulcus

219
Q

very deep groove

A

Fissure

220
Q

Outfolding of cortex

A

Gyrus

221
Q

Important site for speech and language because it is the site for input of auditory info

A

Temporal Lobe

222
Q

Extremely important for memory processing

A

Hippocampus

223
Q

What lobe processes sensory information?

A

Parietal Lobe

224
Q

Which area is involved in phonologic analysis?

A

Supramarginal Gyrus

225
Q

Which area is involved in reading?

A

Angular Gyrus

226
Q

What type of info is processed by occipital lobe?

A

Visual

anatomy and physiology of speech (7 decks)

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