exam 1 study guide (ch 1,2 and 3)

Question 1

neurasthenia or neurosis

Answer 1

anxiety + depression, widely used label to fit many psychological symptoms

Question 2

pop psychology

Answer 2

psych knowledge designed for mass consumption

Question 3

historiography

Answer 3

the study of the ways by which people obtain and spread historical knowledge

Question 4

mesmer & animal magnetism

Answer 4

Mesmer believed invisible forces affected the body
-Human illnesses might be caused by the disruption or blocking of the normal flow of an invisible body fluid
-Based on Newton’s theory of gravity but applied inaccurately
-Example of incorrect assumption

Question 5

zeitgeist

Answer 5

the general social climate, the spirit of a particular time or generation

Question 6

what is the concept of engram and who it is used by?

Answer 6

Engram: a trace indicator on the brain that is evidence of some negative experience
-used by sociologists

Question 7

folk beliefs

Answer 7

a form of everyday psych created by the people and for the people

Question 8

What are the three recurrent themes in psychology’s history?

Answer 8

Nature vs nurture
Mind vs body
theorist/practitioner

Question 9

what is the percentages of woman that received doctoral degrees in US over the years

Answer 9

15% of PhDs were held by women, now 70%

Question 10

hylomorphism (form of matter)

Answer 10

An original theory of the soul and its relationship with the body.
-Soul is an active, creative influence in the body—the body’s form but not the body itself
- the Body and the soul coexist and the existence of the living organism is impossible without the soul, and the soul can’t exist without the living body

Question 11

materialism

Answer 11

the facts of mental life can be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter

Question 12

Scholasticism

Answer 12

a dominant Christian school of thought focused on neo-Platonism held that the soul is divine and has three functions:

1. The soul is connected to eternity and to the perfect soul
2. the soul is connected to the body and feelings
3. the soul connects to self-reflection; one’s sense of past and present.

Question 13

Egyptian manuscripts show the center of an organism is?

Answer 13

the heart

Question 14

Aristotle’s understanding of the center for the vital activities.

Answer 14

the heart

Question 15

Aristotle’s melancholia and its seasonal patterns.

Answer 15

Melancholy: bile, the liver generated bitter liquid stored in the gallbladder

-Aristotle believed melancholia was due to the temperature of the bile in the gall causing
—athymia or extaisis, two opposite forms of melancholia (depressive and manic states)

-Bile has seasonal properties, therefore, changes in mood occur in Spring and Fall

because of the quicker change of bile’s temperature Aristotle claimed that people’s moods were different.

Question 16

The old Greeks and the insanity defense?

Answer 16

Hercules in the myth “The Madness of Hercules the Strongman and Adventurer”

-Killed his own wife and three children

-Forgiven because he was believed to be temporarily insane and had no control over his actions

Question 17

Indian beliefs about the soul and the body (HDKTY)

Answer 17

hinduism: governed by dharma and karma
- casts
-transcendence, yoga

Question 18

dharma

Answer 18

the ultimate law or universal order governing objects and people

Question 19

karma

Answer 19

universal rules of cause and effect)

Question 20

transcendence

Answer 20

is knowledge beyond empirical experience

can be achieved through yoga

Question 21

Beliefs of Confucius.

Answer 21

• Ren, is a lifelong determination of a human being to become a truthful and caring person.

-The ideal person is a balanced, someone who does not stop doing right things because of the fear of unpleasant consequences.

-People can improve themselves and be happy without fear of God.

• People have to love their families and neighbors. They have to respect authority and obey the law.

Question 22

Holistic belief in Ancient China on the two fundamental historic concepts (yin and the yang).

Answer 22

Holism: the concept holding that everything is interconnected in the world and body

Based on the integration of yin and yang—the entities that are opposed to one another and yet are also connected as a whole in time and space.

Question 23

yin

Answer 23

dark, feminine, soft, and hidden

Question 24

yang

Answer 24

the goodness, bright, masculine, firm, and open

Question 25

pneuma

Answer 25

the fundamental force of life according to Galen.

Question 26

first form of pneuma

Answer 26

The first is located in the brain and is responsible for imagination, reason, and memory

Question 27

2nd force of pneuma

Answer 27

vital pneuma, with its center in the heart, regulates the flow of blood.

Question 28

3rd force of pneuma

Answer 28

resides in the liver and is responsible for nutrition and metabolism.

Question 29

Augustine and the will.

Answer 29

Will/dual will: a single motivational force could explain all the sinful acts people commit

Question 30

empiricism

Answer 30

scientific belief that experience is the main source of knowledge

Question 31

Rousseau’s noble savage

Answer 31

people were essentially good when they lived under the rules of nature, before modern civilizations were created.

Question 32

mysticism

Answer 32

a belief in the existence of realities beyond perceptual reflection or scientific explanations but accessible by subjective experience.

Question 33

naturalism

Answer 33

view that observable events should be explained only by natural causes without assuming the existence of divine, paranormal, or supernatural causes such as “magic” or “evil eye.”

Question 34

Instrumentalism

Answer 34

human action is reasonable as long as it justifies this individual’s goals.

Question 35

metaphysics

Answer 35

branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter

Question 36

Immanuel Kant’s beliefs .

Answer 36

Kant believed you should Act as you would want all other people to act towards all other people

-supporters of humanistic psychology and its many branches emphasize the moral side of human behavior and, like Kant, they celebrate moral act as a natural expression

Question 37

Humanistic psych/humanism

Answer 37

branch of psych that emphasizes the uniqueness of the subjective side of the individual: the sense of freedom, beauty and moral responsibility

Question 38

Lunatics a term used to describe _____ some 500 years ago

Answer 38

sleepwalkers

Question 39

What is Milgram study known for?

Answer 39

It was unethical and violated a lot of ethical guidelines

Question 40

Practices in Soviet Union with those who disagreed with the communist party

Answer 40

People who disagreed with the communist party and their practices were labeled schizophrenic in the Soviet Union

Question 41

Define ethnocentrism

Answer 41

seeing the world only from one’s own cultural perspective, and believing that this one perspective is both normal and correct.

Question 42

what did research allow us to conclude about Mesopotamia

Answer 42

there were dream interpreters in Mesopotamia

Question 43

Plato’s’ understanding of that the level of the abdomen is responsible for?

Answer 43

Believed it held desires and the spirit

Question 44

For Demarcutus, what does the liver play a role in?

Answer 44

it was for desires

Question 45

what seasons did melancholy occur the most occurring to aristotle?

Answer 45

spring and fall

Question 46

what do indian philosophers believe happened to the soul when the body dies?

Answer 46

reincarnation, the body dies, but the soul finds another body

Question 47

who continued aristotles beleifs

Answer 47

coinus?

Question 48

Davide hume and stoicic personality

Answer 48

action and virtue