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psy 490 > ch 2 - early psychological knowledge > Flashcards

ch 2 - early psychological knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

what are 2 examples of 2 early civilizations that produced documented but very fragmented histories of peoples’ searches for answers about the nature of the world, the role of human beings in it, and supernatural forces

A

Mesopotamia and egypt

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2
Q

in the civilization of the greeks, what were some early concepts of the soul

A

materialism and idealism

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3
Q

materialism

A

view of the human soul that holds that the facts of mental life can be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter
-believes souls originated from the same matter as any other material object
-believed matter created the world

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4
Q

idealism

A

view that holds that the facts of mental life can be explained in MENTAL terms
- believed ideas created the world

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5
Q

what are 2 examples of materialism?

A

atomism and material monism

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6
Q

atomism

A

notion that matter is made up of small, indivisible particles

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7
Q

material monism

A

holds that all things and developments including psych processes, no matter how complicated they are, have one similar material origin

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8
Q

what does idealism say a bout the soul?

A

The soul is nonmaterial, immortal, and can exist alone, separated from the body

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9
Q

who was the biggest advocate for idealism

A

plato

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10
Q

what 3 dimensions did plato believe the world could be described in?

A
  1. world of the ideal forms: which is the primary reality)
  2. the material world created by God.
  3. The third is psychological, which is a reflection of the ideal through material.
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11
Q

hylomorphism

A

a theory created by Aristotle regarding the soul and its relationship with the body:
1. Soul is an active, creative influence in the body—the body’s form but not the body itself
2. Body and the soul coexist and the existence of the living organism is impossible without the soul, and conversely that the soul cannot exist without the living body

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12
Q

what capacities or faculties did Aristotle believe the soul possess

A
  1. nutrition (growth and reproduction)
  2. reason (highest function associated w/ thinking)
  3. perception (reflection of reality)
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13
Q

epistemology

A

branch of psych that studies the nature of knowledge, its foundations, extent and validity

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14
Q

emanation theory

A

objects release a substance/discharge that makes an impression on human senses, thus evoking sensation then thought

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15
Q

who supported emanation theory?

A

materialists, greek materialists, democritus

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16
Q

democritus and Epicurus believed that atomic movements cause emotion. How?

A
  1. Positive emotions are associated with the movement of round and smooth atoms
  2. Negative emotions are associated with the movement of atoms with small hooks and the atoms that do not have to travel in smooth trajectories
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17
Q

melancholy

A

most common label in Ancient Greece for symptoms today called depressive. Was believed to be bile, the liver generated bitter liquid stored in the gallbladder

18
Q

what are the 2 types of melancholy

A

athymia: depressive states
extaisis: depressive states

19
Q

what were the 5 major areas of influence the greek had

A

1.The study of the soul
2.The teachings about the mechanisms of human cognition
3. suggestions about the biological foundations of mental activities
4.The initial inquiry in the fields of the clinical psych
5.The rich observations of social behavior

20
Q

hinduism

A

religion that believes in dharma (the ultimate law or universal order governing objects and people) and Karma (universal rules of cause and effect)

21
Q

androcentrism

A

placing men or masculine POVs at the enter of a theory or narrative

22
Q

castes

A

positions and roles attached to them of Hinduism

23
Q

transcendence

A

knowledge beyond empirical experience
-a key in indian theories of mind

24
Q

yoga

A

a way to transcend and a means to control/unite the mind and sense

25
Q

chakras

A

bodily centers and channels thru which energy flows

26
Q

Buddhism

A

system of values based on the belief that although suffering is inevitable, liberation from suffering is possible

27
Q

asceticism

A

a lifestyle of restraint or abstinence from worldly pleasures

28
Q

nirvana

A

a state of profound peace of mind and perfect enlightenment is achievable

29
Q

what does Confucianism’s psycholgical views in china uphold

A

Holism and harmony

30
Q

holism

A

concept holding that everything is interconnected in the world and body
- based on yin and yang

31
Q

yin

A

dark, feminine, soft and hidden

32
Q

yang

A

bright, masculine, firm and open

33
Q

ren

A

a lifelong determination of a human being to become a truthful and caring person.

34
Q

taoism

A

philosophical religious views challenging the Confucian tradition, but coexisting alongside it for centuries

35
Q

pneuma

A

the fundamental force of life according to Galen which exists in 3 forms

36
Q

what are the 3 kinds of pneuma

A

1st pneuma is located in the brain responsible for imagination
2. vital pneuma, is located in the heart, regulates blood flow
3. 3rd pneuma, resides in the liver, and is responsible for nutrition and metabolism

37
Q

what are the 2 kinds of bodily activities distinguished by Galen

A

automatic: stomach, heart, lungs
voluntary: controlled by the soul

38
Q

Scholasticism

A

a dominant Christian school of thought focused on neo-Platonism held that the soul is divine and has three functions

39
Q

what are the 3 functions of the soul according to scholasticism?

A

1.The soul is connected to eternity and to the perfect soul

2.the soul is connected to the body and feelings

  1. the soul connects to self-reflection; one’s sense of past and present.
40
Q

what view of two wills did Christians adopt believing to be responsible for their decisions

A

Caritas: good intentions, ethical actions, self-restraint and virtue

cupiditas: responsible for sinful behavior and it stands for excessive desire, violence, and greed.

psy 490 (11 decks)

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