ch 2 - early psychological knowledge

Question 1

what are 2 examples of 2 early civilizations that produced documented but very fragmented histories of peoples’ searches for answers about the nature of the world, the role of human beings in it, and supernatural forces

Answer 1

Mesopotamia and egypt

Question 2

in the civilization of the greeks, what were some early concepts of the soul

Answer 2

materialism and idealism

Question 3

materialism

Answer 3

view of the human soul that holds that the facts of mental life can be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter
-believes souls originated from the same matter as any other material object
-believed matter created the world

Question 4

idealism

Answer 4

view that holds that the facts of mental life can be explained in MENTAL terms
- believed ideas created the world

Question 5

what are 2 examples of materialism?

Answer 5

atomism and material monism

Question 6

atomism

Answer 6

notion that matter is made up of small, indivisible particles

Question 7

material monism

Answer 7

holds that all things and developments including psych processes, no matter how complicated they are, have one similar material origin

Question 8

what does idealism say a bout the soul?

Answer 8

The soul is nonmaterial, immortal, and can exist alone, separated from the body

Question 9

who was the biggest advocate for idealism

Answer 9

plato

Question 10

what 3 dimensions did plato believe the world could be described in?

Answer 10

1. world of the ideal forms: which is the primary reality)
2. the material world created by God.
3. The third is psychological, which is a reflection of the ideal through material.

Question 11

hylomorphism

Answer 11

a theory created by Aristotle regarding the soul and its relationship with the body:
1. Soul is an active, creative influence in the body—the body’s form but not the body itself
2. Body and the soul coexist and the existence of the living organism is impossible without the soul, and conversely that the soul cannot exist without the living body

Question 12

what capacities or faculties did Aristotle believe the soul possess

Answer 12

1. nutrition (growth and reproduction)
2. reason (highest function associated w/ thinking)
3. perception (reflection of reality)

Question 13

epistemology

Answer 13

branch of psych that studies the nature of knowledge, its foundations, extent and validity

Question 14

emanation theory

Answer 14

objects release a substance/discharge that makes an impression on human senses, thus evoking sensation then thought

Question 15

who supported emanation theory?

Answer 15

materialists, greek materialists, democritus

Question 16

democritus and Epicurus believed that atomic movements cause emotion. How?

Answer 16

1. Positive emotions are associated with the movement of round and smooth atoms
2. Negative emotions are associated with the movement of atoms with small hooks and the atoms that do not have to travel in smooth trajectories

Question 17

melancholy

Answer 17

most common label in Ancient Greece for symptoms today called depressive. Was believed to be bile, the liver generated bitter liquid stored in the gallbladder

Question 18

what are the 2 types of melancholy

Answer 18

athymia: depressive states
extaisis: depressive states

Question 19

what were the 5 major areas of influence the greek had

Answer 19

1.The study of the soul
2.The teachings about the mechanisms of human cognition
3. suggestions about the biological foundations of mental activities
4.The initial inquiry in the fields of the clinical psych
5.The rich observations of social behavior

Question 20

hinduism

Answer 20

religion that believes in dharma (the ultimate law or universal order governing objects and people) and Karma (universal rules of cause and effect)

Question 21

androcentrism

Answer 21

placing men or masculine POVs at the enter of a theory or narrative

Question 22

castes

Answer 22

positions and roles attached to them of Hinduism

Question 23

transcendence

Answer 23

knowledge beyond empirical experience
-a key in indian theories of mind

Question 24

yoga

Answer 24

a way to transcend and a means to control/unite the mind and sense

Question 25

chakras

Answer 25

bodily centers and channels thru which energy flows

Question 26

Buddhism

Answer 26

system of values based on the belief that although suffering is inevitable, liberation from suffering is possible

Question 27

asceticism

Answer 27

a lifestyle of restraint or abstinence from worldly pleasures

Question 28

nirvana

Answer 28

a state of profound peace of mind and perfect enlightenment is achievable

Question 29

what does Confucianism's psycholgical views in china uphold

Answer 29

Holism and harmony

Question 30

holism

Answer 30

concept holding that everything is interconnected in the world and body - based on yin and yang

Question 31

yin

Answer 31

dark, feminine, soft and hidden

Question 32

yang

Answer 32

bright, masculine, firm and open

Question 33

ren

Answer 33

a lifelong determination of a human being to become a truthful and caring person.

Question 34

taoism

Answer 34

philosophical religious views challenging the Confucian tradition, but coexisting alongside it for centuries

Question 35

pneuma

Answer 35

the fundamental force of life according to Galen which exists in 3 forms

Question 36

what are the 3 kinds of pneuma

Answer 36

1st pneuma is located in the brain responsible for imagination 2. vital pneuma, is located in the heart, regulates blood flow 3. 3rd pneuma, resides in the liver, and is responsible for nutrition and metabolism

Question 37

what are the 2 kinds of bodily activities distinguished by Galen

Answer 37

automatic: stomach, heart, lungs voluntary: controlled by the soul

Question 38

Scholasticism

Answer 38

a dominant Christian school of thought focused on neo-Platonism held that the soul is divine and has three functions

Question 39

what are the 3 functions of the soul according to scholasticism?

Answer 39

1.The soul is connected to eternity and to the perfect soul 2.the soul is connected to the body and feelings 3. the soul connects to self-reflection; one’s sense of past and present.

Question 40

what view of two wills did Christians adopt believing to be responsible for their decisions

Answer 40

Caritas: good intentions, ethical actions, self-restraint and virtue cupiditas: responsible for sinful behavior and it stands for excessive desire, violence, and greed.