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Functional Anatomy > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of contraction is the OPPOSITE of the action of a muscle?

A

Eccentric

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2
Q

What are the two arrangements of muscle?

A

Fusiform and pennate

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3
Q

What joints have 3 DOF?

A

Hip and Shoulder

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4
Q

What is unfused tetanus?

A

Generates series of summated mechanical twitches with no rest in between firing of action potentials

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5
Q

Where is the center of mass in women?

A

Below the belly button, closer to the hips

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6
Q

What is a synergist?

A

A muscle that assists a prime mover

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7
Q

What is the AOR for the sagittal plane?

A

Medial-lateral

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8
Q

What is a force couple?

A

Two forces acting in opposite linear directions to rotate a part around an axis producing the same rotary direction

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9
Q

What motions does a hinge joint allow?

A

Flexion and extension

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10
Q

What happens in a joint when water is increased?

A

Swelling, which is protection

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11
Q

What are the three tissues surrounding a joint?

A

Fibrous layer, tendons, ligaments

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12
Q

Why is ground substance important in articular cartilage?

A

Provides an ideal surface for distribution of constant repetitive forces

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13
Q

Where is the AOR in a 3rd class lever?

A

End of a bone

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14
Q

What does the epimysium do?

A

Forms the muscle

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15
Q

What is an example of an agonist?

A

Biceps in a bicep curl

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16
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Muscle Responsible for an action

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17
Q

What is an example of a synarthosis joint?

A

Skull sutures

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18
Q

Explain a Type II muscle fiber

A

Fast twitch, for short and powerful bursts

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19
Q

What is linear acceleration directly proportional to?

A

The force causing it and the acceleration acts in the same direction

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20
Q

What is an example of a force couple?

A

Trapezius and Serratus Anterior during upward rotation of scapula with arm elevation

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21
Q

What does the perimysium do in muscles?

A

Forms a channel for the blood vessels

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22
Q

What is an example of an antagonist?

A

Triceps in a bicep curl

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23
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Convex in one direction, concave in the other

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24
Q

What do muscles in parallel allow for?

A

Hypertrophy and increased contractile force

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25
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Gelatinous fluid that allows for water and nutrients to diffuse through cartilage

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26
Q

What is the max number of DOF at a joint?

A

3

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27
Q

Where is irregular dense connective tissue found?

A

Fibrous layer

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28
Q

Which is easier to lift: an object held at 90 deg. elbow flexion or an object being held at full elbow extension?

A

Object held at 90 deg elbow flexion

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29
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Radius and ulna

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30
Q

When is angular force greatest?

A

When line of pull is perpendicular to bone

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31
Q

What is passive tension?

A

Stretching of a muscle. Muscle must reach critical length to generate tension

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32
Q

Where is the AOR in a 1st class lever?

A

Between two opposing forces

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33
Q

What are the two types of muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Pennate and fusiform

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34
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A muscle having an opposite action of an agonist

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35
Q

What is an example of a concentric contraction in the quadriceps?

A

Quads in wall-sit going down to “sitting” position

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36
Q

What movements are allowed in the frontal plane?

A

Lateral Flexion, Abduction/Adduction, Elevation/Depression, Upward/Downward Rotation, Inversion/Eversion, Deviations

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37
Q

What is translation?

A

An object moving linearly (wheelchair)

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38
Q

What is an example of a synergist?

A

Brachioradialis in a bicep curl

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39
Q

What are osteokinematcs?

A

Motion of bones

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40
Q

What happens when the mass moment of inertia is lower?

A

More torque

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41
Q

What is the average AOR of a bone?

A

Anatomical landmark through the convex surface

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42
Q

What is mass moment of inertia?

A

Body’s resistance to change in rotation or angular momentum

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43
Q

In kinetics, force is directly _________ to acceleration

A

Proportional

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44
Q

What are kinetics?

A

Effect that forces have on the body

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45
Q

What is a diarthrosis joint?

A

Articulation between two bones

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46
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Bone responds to stress by producing more bone

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47
Q

In concave on convex movements, where does the moving segment roll and slide?

A

Rolls and slides in same direction

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48
Q

What shape is the rectus femoris muscle?

A

Pennate

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49
Q

What does a condyloid joint allow?

A

Biplanar movement

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50
Q

What is an example of a first class lever?

A

Neck moving anteriorly/posteriorly

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51
Q

Explain a Type I muscle fiber

A

Slow twitch, used for endurance

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52
Q

What are three examples of Type II muscle fibers?

A

Biceps, Triceps, Quads

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53
Q

What does regular dense connective tissue provide and restrain?

A

Provides tension and restrains undesirable motion in single parallel directions

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54
Q

What is the actual line of pull determined by?

A

Morphology and joint angle

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55
Q

What are two examples of ball and socket joints?

A

Hip, shoulder

56
Q

In convex on concave movements, where does the moving segment roll and slide?

A

Rolls in one direction, slides in opposite

57
Q

How is force produced in terms of rate coding?

A

Produced by the muscle fibers is strongly modulated by the discharge rate of sequential action potentials

58
Q

What is torque?

A

Force multiplied by its moment arm and tends to rotate a body or segment around an AOR

59
Q

What is rotation?

A

Angular motion that causes rotation (rocking chair)

60
Q

What is an example of an eccentric contraction in the quadriceps?

A

Quads in a wall-sit going back up

61
Q

What is the interspike interval?

A

Average discharge rate of an action potential in frequency

62
Q

What are arthrokinematics?

A

Motion of joints

63
Q

What is the force velocity relationship?

A

Speed of task being completed and the force produced

64
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

A contraction in which the muscle shortens

65
Q

How is force and velocity related in a max effort eccentric contraction?

A

Force is directly proportional to velocity

66
Q

What are the three structural elements of a muscle?

A

Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium

67
Q

What does irregular dense connective tissue resist?

A

Tensile forces in multiple directions

68
Q

What does a pivot joint do?

A

Spins around a single AOR

69
Q

Which type of bone is thicker?

A

Compact bone

70
Q

What are the two ways to increase torque?

A

Increase the size of the force and increase the length of the moment arm

71
Q

What does a plane joint allow?

A

Translation or translation + rotation

72
Q

What is the AOR of the frontal plane?

A

Anterior-posterior

73
Q

What is the optimal length for optimal force production?

A

90 degrees

74
Q

What is an example of a isometric contraction in the quadriceps?

A

Quads in a wallsit

75
Q

What type of bone covers the ends of long bone?

A

Cancellous bone

76
Q

What are the two types of recruitment?

A

Spatial and Temporal

77
Q

What happens in a cross bridge?

A

Force is generated

78
Q

What is active tension?

A

Active tension is generated by a stimulus when actin and myosin slide past each other

79
Q

What is muscle morphology?

A

The way fibers are arranged

80
Q

Why does bone produce more bone?

A

Rich blood supply

81
Q

What are examples of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow, knee

82
Q

What is an ovoid joint?

A

One convex surface, one concave surface

83
Q

What is a synarthosis joint?

A

Junction between two bones with slight to no movement

84
Q

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

A

Interphalangeal joints

85
Q

How is force and velocity related in a max effort concentric contraction?

A

Force is inversely proportional to velocity

86
Q

What does a saddle joint allow?

A

Biplanar movement

87
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

A contraction in which the muscle lengthens

88
Q

What movements are allowed in the transverse plane?

A

Rotation, Internal/External Rotation, Protraction/Retraction, Pronation/Supination, Horizontal Abduction/Adduction

89
Q

What is the force velocity curve?

A

Velocity of a muscle change in length and its maximal force ourput

90
Q

What is torque?

A

A force that tends to rotate a body or segment

91
Q

How can torque be modified?

A

Changing force or moment arm length

92
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

A contraction in which the muscle length doesn’t change

93
Q

Which type of contraction correlates with the action of a muscle?

A

Concentric

94
Q

What is rate coding?

A

Process of when specific motor neurons is recruited

95
Q

What is the AOR for the transverse plane?

A

Vertical

96
Q

Which causes faster contractions: muscles in series or parallel?

A

Series

97
Q

What does 2nd class levers favor?

A

Power

98
Q

What three factors are involved in the mechanical alignment of muscles?

A

Moment arm of load, moment arm of muscles, orientation of forces

99
Q

What do the elastic properties in regular dense connective tissue allow for?

A

Storage and release of energy while protecting against injury

100
Q

What are the types of diarthrosis joints?

A

Hinge, Pivot, Ellipsoid, Ball and socket, plane, saddle, condyloid, ovoid

101
Q

What is kinematics?

A

Description of motion, not forces

102
Q

What is recruitment?

A

Initial activation of specific motor neurons that cause activation of associated muscle fibers

103
Q

Explain the forces in a second class lever

A

Internal forces are greater than external forces

104
Q

Do muscles pull or push?

A

Only pull

105
Q

Where is the center of mass in men?

A

At or slightly above the belly button

106
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

Thumb

107
Q

What is an example of an ellipsoid joint?

A

Wrist bones

108
Q

In first class levers, what direction does the internal and external forces go?

A

Same direction

109
Q

What is a twitch?

A

Isolated contraction

110
Q

What is an example of a 2nd class lever?

A

Gastrocnemius during a calf raise

111
Q

What does a ball and socket joint allow?

A

Triplanar movement

112
Q

What is temporal recruitment?

A

A mechanism that increases the strength of a muscle contraction by increasing the firing rate of active motor units

113
Q

What 3 motions are used in arthrokinematics?

A

Roll, Slide, Spin

114
Q

Explain the forces in a 3rd class lever.

A

External forces are greater than internal forces

115
Q

What causes increased force through a muscle?

A

More cross bridges

116
Q

How can a muscle have greater force?

A

Greater attachment angle

117
Q

What joints spin?

A

Pronation, Glenohumeral Joint, Hip Joint

118
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact and Cancellous

119
Q

What is active force?

A

Force generated by a stimulus when actin slides past myosin and Z discs get pulled together in the sarcomere forming a cross bridge

120
Q

What is an example of a plane joint?

A

Carpals

121
Q

What are two examples of Type I muscle fibers?

A

Soleus and Erector Spinae

122
Q

What shape is the biceps brachii muscle?

A

Fusiform

123
Q

What does an ellipsoid joint allow?

A

Biplanar movement

124
Q

What is angular acceleration directly proportional to?

A

The torque causing it and takes place in same direction

125
Q

In closed chain concave on convex, which segment is fixed and which segment moves?

A

Proximal moves, Distal fixed

126
Q

Where is the AOR in a second class lever?

A

End of a bone

127
Q

In open chain concave on convex, which segment moves and which is fixed?

A

Proximal is fixed, Distal moves

128
Q

What does 3rd class levers favor?

A

ROM

129
Q

What is the maximum number of cross bridges determined by?

A

Muscles overall volume by length

130
Q

What is spatial rectruitment?

A

Activation of more motor units to produce a greater force

131
Q

What type of bone covers shafts of long bones?

A

Compact bone

132
Q

What is fused tetanus?

A

Greatest force level that is possible for a single muscle fiber

133
Q

What is the Length Tension Relationship of muscles involved?

A

Relationship between a muscle’s length and the tension it produces

134
Q

What is an example of a 3rd class lever?

A

Bicep curl

135
Q

What happens in the endomysium?

A

The location of metabolic change

136
Q

What are the movements allowed in the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension

Functional Anatomy (7 decks)

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