Exam 1 Study Abridged Flashcards
What are the general cholinergic agonist actions?
Decrease HR, CO, BP, vasodilation
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Acetylcholine
Cholinergic agonist (direct-acting); muscarinic and nicotinic; miosis (1% for surgery); vasodilation (acts on M3, causes NO to be released) atropine blocks muscarinic receptors
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Bethanechol
Cholinergic agonist (direct-acting); muscarinic; treats neurogenic atony and megacolon
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Carbachol
Cholinergic agonist (direct-acting); muscarinic and nicotinic; high potenecy, receoptor nonselectivity, long duration (rarely used); miosis and cycloplegia; treats glaucoma
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Pilocarpine
Cholinergic agonist (direct-acting); muscarinic; tertiary amine; rapid miosis and cycloplegia; increase secretions (treats xerostomia and Sjogren’s syndrome); also treats glaucoma (drug of choice for emergency IOP decrease); if enters CNS it is toxic (treat with atropine)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Edrophonium
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, reversible); used to diagnose MG
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Physostigmine
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, reversible); OD of atropine, phenothiazines, and TCAs (can cross BBB)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Neostigmine
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, reversible); treats OD of tubocurarine; treats MG symptomatically; contraindicated when GI/bladder obstruction is present
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Pyridostigmine
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, reversible); treats chronic MG; duration 3-6 hours (longer than neostigmine)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Ambenonium
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, reversible); treats chronic MG; duration 4-8 hours (longer than neostigmine)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Tacrine
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, reversible); treats Alzheimer disease; has hepatotoxic effects; GI distress is primary adverse effect
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Donepezil
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, reversible); treats Alzheimer disease; GI distress is primary adverse effect
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Rivastigmine
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, reversible); treats Alzheimer disease; GI distress is primary adverse effect
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Galantamine
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, reversible); treats Alzheimer disease; GI distress is primary adverse effect
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Hemicholinium
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, reversible); blocks the sodium cotransporter and hence reuptake of ACh
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Vesamicol
Cholinergic antagonist (noncompetitive, reversible); blocks the the storage of ACh in the presynaptic neuron
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Echothiophate
Cholinergic agonist (indirect-acting, irreversible); causes paralysis of motor function and convulsions; treats glaucoma (but can cause cataracts); its OD is treated by atropine (and diazepam for convulsions)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Pralidoxime
Acetylcholinesterase reactivator if introduced before aging; used to reverse effects of irreversible AChE inhibitors such as echothiophate; however, cannot enter the CNS
How does ethothiophate exert its effect?
It binds to AChE via its phosphate group. Over time, this phosphorylated AChE will lose one of its ethyl groups (aging), making reactivators such as pralidoxime useless.
Where in the sympathetic nervous system can postsynaptic muscainic receptors be found?
Sweat and salivary glands.
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Atropine
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; binds competitively; treats OD of echothiophate and AChE inhibitors; SE “sandy eyes”, CNS SE, restlessness, confusion, halucinations, delirium
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Scopolamine
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; tertiary amine; treats motion sickness prophylactically, can be used as a short-term memory blocker
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Ipratorpium
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; treats COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema; quaternary derivative of atropine; dose up to four times a day
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Tiotropium
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; treats COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema; quaternary derivative of atropine; dose only once a day
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Tropicamide
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; mydriasis and cycloplegia
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Cyclopentolate
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; mydriasis and cycloplegia
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Benztropine
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; treats Parkinson disease
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Trihexyphenidyl
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; treats Parkinson disease
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Darifenacin
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; treats overactive urinary bladder disease
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Fesoterodine
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; treats overactive urinary bladder disease
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Oxybutynin
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; treats overactive urinary bladder disease; available as a transdermal system, making it better tolerable than other drugs for overactive urinary bladder disease
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Solifenacin
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; treats overactive urinary bladder disease
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Tolterodine
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; treats overactive urinary bladder disease
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Trospium chloride
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic; treats overactive urinary bladder disease
What are some general actions of ganglionic blockers?
Vasodilation (due to SNS blockage), atony of bladder/GI, cycloplegia, xerostomia, tachycardia (due to PNS blockage)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Nicotine
Cholinergic antagonist; nicotinic (ganglionic blocker); results first in stimulation then in paralysis; enhances release of dopamine and NE to cause pleasure and appetite control
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Mecamylamine
Cholinergic antagonist; nicotinic (ganglionic blocker); competitive
What are some central muscle relaxants?
Baclofen, diazepam, dantrolene.
Which drugs can be used to shorten the duration of NMBs?
Neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and edrophonium.
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Atracurium
Cholinergic antagonist; nicotinic (NMJ blocker); nondepolarizing, competitive; spontaneously degrades in plasma (metabolism is independent of heptic/renal function); SE of histamine release, resulting in decreased BP, flushing, and bronchoconstriction.
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Cisatracurium
Cholinergic antagonist; nicotinic (NMJ blocker); nondepolarizing, competitive; spontaneously degrades in plasma (metabolism is independent of heptic/renal function); less likely to release histamine than atracurium
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Pancuronium
Cholinergic antagonist; nicotinic (NMJ blocker); nondepolarizing, competitive
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Rocuronium
Cholinergic antagonist; nicotinic (NMJ blocker); nondepolarizing, competitive
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Tubocurarine
Cholinergic antagonist; nicotinic (NMJ blocker); nondepolarizing, competitive; no longer in use
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Vecuronium
Cholinergic antagonist; nicotinic (NMJ blocker); nondepolarizing, competitive
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Succinylcholine
Cholinergic antagonist; nicotinic (NMJ blocker); depolarizing; can cause hyperthermia when used with halothane(muscular rigidity, metabolic acidosis, tachycardia, and hyperpyrexia) and hyperkalemia.
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Epinephrine
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); alpha at high dose, beta at low dose; positive ionotropic and chronotropic beta1; beta1 effect on kidney causes renin relase; increase SBP, slight decrease DBP; treats bronchospasm, anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrest, adjunct anesthetic (1:100,000 parts)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Norepinephrine
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); alpha; vasoconstriction in peripheral tissue, increase SDBP, bradycardia through baroreceptor reflex (vagal stimulation); treats shock
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Dopamine
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); alpha1 at high dose and beta1 at low dose; found in basal ganglia; increase renal blood flow through D1 and D2 (presynpatic) activation; treats cardiogenic and septic shock as well as hypotension and severe congestive heart failure (beta1 increases CO and alpha1 increases peripheral resistance)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Isoproterenol
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); beta1 and beta2; intense stimulation of heart, slight increase in SBP, great decrease in DBP (due to beta2 activation in periphery), increase blood sugar and lipolysis; treats AV block or cardiac arrest
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Fenoldopam
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); alpha2 (moderate) and D1; treats hypertension (rapid-acting) by causing vasodilation through D1 receptor activation
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Dobutamine
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); beta1; treats acute congestive heart failure by increasing CO
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Oxymetazoline
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); alpha1 and alpha2; treats red eye and nasal decongestion (spray)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Phenylephrine
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); alpha1; mydriasis and nasal decongestion
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Clonidine
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); alpha2; treats essential hypertension (lowered BP due to alpha2 activation, decreases NE release presynaptically); treats withdrawal from opiates, tobacco, benzodiazepines; abrupt withdrawal leads to rebound hypertension; acts centrally to decrease sympathetic outflow to periphery
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Metaproterenol
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); similar to isoproterenol, not used often due to more selective beta2 agonists
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Albuterol
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); beta2;bronchodilation, short-acting (duration <3 hours)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Terbutaline
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); beta2;bronchodilation, short-acting (duration <3 hours)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Salmeterol
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); beta2; bronchodilation, long-acting (duration >12 hours)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Formoterol
Adrenergic agonist (direct-acting); beta2; bronchodilation, long-acting (duration >12 hours)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Amphetamine
Adrenergic agonist (indirect-acting); blocks NE reuptake and causes release of stored catecholamines; treat hyperactivity in children
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Tyramine
Adrenergic agonist (indirect-acting); found in fermented foods such as Chianti wine and aged cheese; displaces stored NE
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Cocaine
Adrenergic agonist (indirect-acting); blocks ATPase pump for NE reuptake
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Ephedrine
Adrenergic agonist (mixed-action); alpha and beta; bronchodilation, mild CNS stimulation; raises systolic and diastolic BP; nasal and sinus decongestant
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Pseudoephedrine
Adrenergic agonist (mixed-action); alpha and beta; has been illegally converted to methamphetamine
True or false: alpha blockers decrease heart rate.
False; they lower BP, which induces a reflex tachycardia
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Phenoxybenzamine
Adrenergic antagonist; alpha1 and alpha2; irreversible/noncompetitive; treats pheochromocytoma
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Phentolamine
Adrenergic antagonist; alpha1 and alpha2; competitive; treats hypertensive crisis due to clonidine withdrawal or ingesting tyramine-containing foods in MOAI patients; can be used for impotence
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Prazosin
Adrenergic antagonist; alpha1; competitive; treat hypertension; first dose can cause orthostatic hypotensive response (minimized by first dose adjusted to 1/3 or 1/4, giving drug at bedtime)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Terazosin
Adrenergic antagonist; alpha1; competitive; treat hypertension; first dose can cause orthostatic hypotensive response (minimized by first dose adjusted to 1/3 or 1/4, giving drug at bedtime)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Doxazosin
Adrenergic antagonist; alpha1; competitive; treat hypertension; first dose can cause orthostatic hypotensive response (minimized by first dose adjusted to 1/3 or 1/4, giving drug at bedtime)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Tamsulosin
Adrenergic antagonist; alpha1A; competitive; decrease peripheral resistance (minimal); treat benign prostatic hypertrophy; first dose can cause orthostatic hypotensive response (minimized by first dose adjusted to 1/3 or 1/4, giving drug at bedtime); risk for floppy iris syndrome
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Alfuzosin
Adrenergic antagonist; alpha1; competitive; decrease peripheral resistance (minimal); treat benign prostatic hypertrophy; first dose can cause orthostatic hypotensive response (minimized by first dose adjusted to 1/3 or 1/4, giving drug at bedtime)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Yohimbine
Adrenergic antagonist; alpha2; competitive; sexual stimulant; relieve vasoconstriction of Raynaud disease
In general, what are beta blockers used for?
Treating angina, arrhythmias, myocaridla infarction, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, and prophlylactic migraine. They lower blood pressure, but they do not cause postural hypotension due to alpha receptors being spared.
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Propanolol
Adrenergic antagonist; beta; has negative ionotropic and chronotropic effects; decrease SDBP in hypertensive pts; bronchoconstriction (so contraindicated in pts with COPD or asthma), increase sodium retention (should use with diuretic), hypoglycemia
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Timolol
Adrenergic antagonist; beta1 and beta2 (take care with asthma pts); reduces production of aqueous humor; treats glaucoma (also carteolol and betaxolol)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Nadolol
Adrenergic antagonist; beta; long duration of action
Why are beta1 blockers sometimes preferable to nonselective beta blockers?
They eliminated any unwanted bronchoconstrictor effects.
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Acebutolol
Adrenergic antagonist; beta1; treat hypertension in patients with COPD/asthma (compared to beta2 effect on lungs of nonselective beta blockers) or diabetic patients (compared to hypoglycemic effect of nonselective beta blockers); partial agonist of beta (weakly stimulates beta [has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity] yet inhibits stimulation by more potent adrenergic agonists); minimize disturbances of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Atenolol
Adrenergic antagonist; beta1; treat hypertension in patients with COPD/asthma (compared to beta2 effect on lungs of nonselective beta blockers) or diabetic patients (compared to hypoglycemic effect of nonselective beta blockers)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Bisoprolol
Adrenergic antagonist; beta1; treat hypertension in patients with COPD/asthma (compared to beta2 effect on lungs of nonselective beta blockers) or diabetic patients (compared to hypoglycemic effect of nonselective beta blockers)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Betaxolol
Adrenergic antagonist; beta1; treat hypertension in patients with COPD/asthma (compared to beta2 effect on lungs of nonselective beta blockers) or diabetic patients (compared to hypoglycemic effect of nonselective beta blockers)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Nebivolol
Adrenergic antagonist; beta1; treat hypertension in patients with COPD/asthma (compared to beta2 effect on lungs of nonselective beta blockers) or diabetic patients (compared to hypoglycemic effect of nonselective beta blockers)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Esmolol
Adrenergic antagonist; beta1; treat hypertension in patients with COPD/asthma (compared to beta2 effect on lungs of nonselective beta blockers) or diabetic patients (compared to hypoglycemic effect of nonselective beta blockers); very short lifetime
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Pindolol
Adrenergic antagonist; beta; partial agonist of beta (weakly stimulates beta [has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity] yet inhibits stimulation by more potent adrenergic agonists); minimize disturbances of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Labetalol
Adrenergic antagonist; alpha and beta; peripheral vasodilation; treat hypertension in black/elderly patients; treat pregnancy-induced hypertension; treat hypertensive emergency
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Carvedilol
Adrenergic antagonist; alpha and beta; peripheral vasodilation; treat hypertension in patients where decreased peripheral resistance is undesirable; treat stable chronic heart failure, prevent cardiovascular mortalities in patients with heart failure (metoprolol and bisoprolol have similar actions)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Resperine
Adrenergic antagonist; blocks storage of NE, dopamine, and serotonin in vesicles (through bloackage of magnesium ATP transport)
Name the type of drug, what type of receptor it stimualtes (if applicable), its primary use(s) and/or actions, and anything else significant about it: Guanethedine
Adrenergic antagonist; blocks release of stored NE
What are the major effects mediated by alpha1 receptors?
Vasoconstriction, increased peripheral resistance, increased blood pressure, mydriasis, increased closure of internal sphincter of the bladder (urinary retention).
What are the major effects mediated by alpha2 receptors?
Located presynaptically, they cause inhibition of NE release, inhibition of ACh release, inhibition of insulin release.
What are the major effects mediated by beta1 receptors?
Tachycardia, increased lipolysis (for energy), increased myocardial contractility, increased release of renin (to increase BP).
What are the major effects mediated by beta2 receptors?
Vasodilation (to get blood to muscles), decreased peripheral resistance, bronchodilation, increased muscle and liver glycogenolysis (for energy), increased release of glucagon, relaxed uterine smooth muscle.
