Exam 1: Social Development in infancy/toddlerhood + temperament

Question 1

Chess and Thomas Study

Answer 1

-Interviewed parents of 141 children
-Followed the children another 20 yrs
-Categorized 3 types of temperament: easy, difficult and slow to warm up
-Introduced goodness of fit

Question 2

Easy Temperament (Resilient)

Answer 2

-able to quickly adapt to new routine and situations
-remains calm
-Easy to soothe
-Usually positive mood

Question 3

Difficult temperament

Answer 3

-negative rxn to new situations
-trouble adapting to routine
-usually negative mood
-cries frequently

Question 4

Slow to warm up temperament

Answer 4

-low activity lvl
-adjusts slowly to new situations
-often negative mood

Question 5

Goodness of fit

Answer 5

Compatibility between child’s environment and temperament style

Question 6

Early Intervention

Answer 6

modify environment to support temperament type

Question 7

Scaffolding usage

Answer 7

stretch children’s emotional, attentional, behavioral skills building on temperamental strengths

Question 8

Goldsmith’s (Old) Temperament Definition

Answer 8

-Relatively consistent
-Modulates activity, reactivity, emotionality, and sociability
-Expression of temperament becomes increasingly more influenced by experience and context

Question 9

Temperament definition now

Answer 9

-Early emerging
-Domains of activity, affectivity, attention, and self regulation (similar to og def. BUT includes attention self-regulation!!)
-Product of complex interactions among genetic, biological, and environmental factors over time

Question 10

Bi directional parenting

Answer 10

Parents affect children but children also affect parents
ie. easy temperament child: parents might feel like their parenting is more effects
difficult temperament: parents might be more punitive and less patient, greater challenges managing work and family life

Question 11

Hierarchies from the Rothbart approach

Answer 11

There are different aspects of temperament that cluster together, children with one aspect in a cluster are also likely to have other aspects in that same cluster (they covary)
Surgency: activity level, sociability, and anticipatory pleasure
Negative Affectivity: unpleasant emotions, recovery from distres, physical discomfort
Regulatory capacity: attention, demonstrated satisfaction with low intensity activities