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Neuromus 1 > exam 1: skill acquisition > Flashcards

exam 1: skill acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

explict skills

A

Facts, ideas, declarative knowledge, words, formulas
* Very conscious

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2
Q

Implicit skills

A

Actual skill performance
* Procedural, motor skill
* Not conscious

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3
Q

what is a motor skill

A

A voluntary, goal or task-oriented sequence of body movements to
achieve a goal

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4
Q

what is motor learning

A

A set of processes associated with practice or
experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability
of movement

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5
Q

are performance and learning the same thing

A

no

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6
Q

what is a performance

A

observable behavior

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7
Q

what is learning

A

changes overtime inn the learner

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8
Q

can learning and teach occur without each other

A

yes

the may occur without each other

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9
Q

what is a the learning continuum

A

Skill acquisition
* Skill retention
* Skill transfer-

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10
Q

what is Skill acquisition

A

achieve preliminary success

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11
Q

what is Skill retention

A
  • success carries over to subsequent sessions
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12
Q

what is Skill transfer

A

learner can use skill in more diverse settings
* Mental workload decreases, self efficacy increases

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13
Q

What can we observe in a performance to know that learning is taking
place?

A
  1. Improvement- they’re “better” at the skill
  2. Consistency-
  3. Stability- less influenced by perturbations (internal and external)
  4. Persistence- improved performance continues over increased periods of time
  5. Adaptability- the skill can be generalized to difference circumstances
  6. Reduced attentional demand- often demonstrated by the ability to dual tasking
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14
Q

Learning Assessment

A
  • Observation
  • Performance outcomes
  • Retention tests- perform the skill again after a period of time without practicing
  • Transfer tests- perform a learned skill in a novel situation
  • Dual-task procedure- have attentional demands reduced?
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15
Q

what are intrinsic factor ins individualization

A

cognition, weakness, deconditioning, vision, etc

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16
Q

what is one of the most powerful tools in motor learning

A

demo

this is most meaningful for a novice learner

repeat as often as needed

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17
Q

what is the difference between instructions and feedback

A

instructions - before practice

feedback - provided after practice

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18
Q

focus of attention - what should a pt pay attention to in their movements

A

the outcome rather than the movements they have to take to get to that final product

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19
Q

Internal focus of attention what type of cues

A
  • Explicit cues
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20
Q

external focus of attention what type of cues

A

implicit cues

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21
Q

what are forms of explicit cues

A

We tell patient how to move

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22
Q

what are forms of implicit cues

A

We cue the patient according to
the outcome.

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23
Q

what is internal focus

A

Patient concentrates on a specific
body movement

24
Q

what is an external focus

A

Patient concentrates on object
movement

goal oriented movement

25
Q

what is the benefit of implicit cues

A

Allows the person to develop their
own kinematic solution

Allows the person and their
nervous system to figure out the
most efficient way to perform the
skill.

26
Q

what is the downfall of explicit cues

A
  • This removes the opportunity for
    the person to develop an
    individual strategy and thus makes
    it more difficult to remember the
    skill
27
Q

practice and specificity

A

Practice should be as specific as possible

If the skill consists of steps in sequence, practice it that way.

28
Q

what is purpose of therapy

A

skill transfer

29
Q

what aspect of practice helps promote skill transfer

A

diversification

30
Q

what do we do once a individual skill in maximized

A

make it more real life

31
Q

random practice

A

interleaved practice of two or more acquired skills

32
Q

what is the benefit of random practice

A
  • Enhances skill retention and transfer for open skills more than blocked
33
Q

what is blocked practice

A

consistent” practice

34
Q

can you only do random or blacked practice

A

the two are not mutually exclusive

35
Q

what is Interference

A

conditions within and following a practice session affect
whether training on a new skill will be retained

36
Q

how to improve consolidation of new info

A

trainer should avoid introduction of
other new skills or cognitive learning tasks during the 4-6 hours before and following practice

  • Retrograde and antegrade interference
37
Q

sleep and consolidation

A

Even a 40 min nap immediately post-training results in earlier consolidation,
especially for older learners

38
Q

what is Offline learning

A
  • learner performs better without any intervening physical practice
39
Q

aerobic exercise and retention

A

Aerobic exercise has been shown in many (not all) studies to enhance retention

  • Preferably high intensity, but also moderate intensity
  • Gap can be as little as 20 minutes and up to 2 hours
40
Q

“Over-learning” and skill retention

A

“Over-learning” has a positive effect on skill retention.

still want to avoid frustration when learning something

41
Q

are intervals in training barriers to learning

A

Intervals of weeks to months between training are not barriers to learning

  • As little as 6 minutes per month can be effective
42
Q

what is a discrete skill

A

A skill containing a single unit of activity with a definite beginning and end.

A tennis serve and golf swing are examples of discrete skills

43
Q

what is a continuous skill

A

One which has no clear beginning or end but is more a cycle of movements repeated over and over again.

Examples of this are running, cycling and swimming.

44
Q

distribution of practice is better for what kind of skill

A

continuous

45
Q

massed type of practice is better for what kind of skill

A

discrete

46
Q

what are motor chunks

A
  • Some skills consist of a sequence of sub-skills or
    components and can be broken down into
    “motor chunks”
47
Q

whole and part practice what is the best seq. to learning a skill

A

whole>part >whole

48
Q

whole practice is best for what type on motions

A

tasks involving continuous movement

49
Q

what is the benefit of simplifying skills

A

Reducing errors during initial practice attempts may encourage a more implicit method of learning.

  • The simpler version of the skill may be useful itself.
  • Reduce attentional demands, degrees of freedom, etc.
50
Q

what is an example of mental pratice

A

imagery - visualizing what it is you want to do

greater effect on closed skill
less of a effect on novel tasks

51
Q

what is intrinsic feedback

A

what the learner can see, hear, or feel

52
Q

augmented feedback

A

mirror, video, biofeedback

53
Q

Knowledge of results - feedback and good or bad

A

State success or failure, usually unnecessary

54
Q

Knowledge of performance - good bad and how

A

Provide information about how the skill was performed

Pointing out errors is more effective than noting successes.

55
Q

when is the best to provide feedback

A
  • Providing feedback after the skill is usually preferable.

Neuromus 1 (15 decks)

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