exam 1: skill acquisition Flashcards
explict skills
Facts, ideas, declarative knowledge, words, formulas
* Very conscious
Implicit skills
Actual skill performance
* Procedural, motor skill
* Not conscious
what is a motor skill
A voluntary, goal or task-oriented sequence of body movements to
achieve a goal
what is motor learning
A set of processes associated with practice or
experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability
of movement
are performance and learning the same thing
no
what is a performance
observable behavior
what is learning
changes overtime inn the learner
can learning and teach occur without each other
yes
the may occur without each other
what is a the learning continuum
Skill acquisition
* Skill retention
* Skill transfer-
what is Skill acquisition
achieve preliminary success
what is Skill retention
- success carries over to subsequent sessions
what is Skill transfer
learner can use skill in more diverse settings
* Mental workload decreases, self efficacy increases
What can we observe in a performance to know that learning is taking
place?
- Improvement- they’re “better” at the skill
- Consistency-
- Stability- less influenced by perturbations (internal and external)
- Persistence- improved performance continues over increased periods of time
- Adaptability- the skill can be generalized to difference circumstances
- Reduced attentional demand- often demonstrated by the ability to dual tasking
Learning Assessment
- Observation
- Performance outcomes
- Retention tests- perform the skill again after a period of time without practicing
- Transfer tests- perform a learned skill in a novel situation
- Dual-task procedure- have attentional demands reduced?
what are intrinsic factor ins individualization
cognition, weakness, deconditioning, vision, etc
what is one of the most powerful tools in motor learning
demo
this is most meaningful for a novice learner
repeat as often as needed
what is the difference between instructions and feedback
instructions - before practice
feedback - provided after practice
focus of attention - what should a pt pay attention to in their movements
the outcome rather than the movements they have to take to get to that final product
Internal focus of attention what type of cues
- Explicit cues
external focus of attention what type of cues
implicit cues
what are forms of explicit cues
We tell patient how to move
what are forms of implicit cues
We cue the patient according to
the outcome.
what is internal focus
Patient concentrates on a specific
body movement
what is an external focus
Patient concentrates on object
movement
goal oriented movement
what is the benefit of implicit cues
Allows the person to develop their
own kinematic solution
Allows the person and their
nervous system to figure out the
most efficient way to perform the
skill.
what is the downfall of explicit cues
- This removes the opportunity for
the person to develop an
individual strategy and thus makes
it more difficult to remember the
skill
practice and specificity
Practice should be as specific as possible
If the skill consists of steps in sequence, practice it that way.
what is purpose of therapy
skill transfer
what aspect of practice helps promote skill transfer
diversification
what do we do once a individual skill in maximized
make it more real life
random practice
interleaved practice of two or more acquired skills
what is the benefit of random practice
- Enhances skill retention and transfer for open skills more than blocked
what is blocked practice
consistent” practice
can you only do random or blacked practice
the two are not mutually exclusive
what is Interference
conditions within and following a practice session affect
whether training on a new skill will be retained
how to improve consolidation of new info
trainer should avoid introduction of
other new skills or cognitive learning tasks during the 4-6 hours before and following practice
- Retrograde and antegrade interference
sleep and consolidation
Even a 40 min nap immediately post-training results in earlier consolidation,
especially for older learners
what is Offline learning
- learner performs better without any intervening physical practice
aerobic exercise and retention
Aerobic exercise has been shown in many (not all) studies to enhance retention
- Preferably high intensity, but also moderate intensity
- Gap can be as little as 20 minutes and up to 2 hours
“Over-learning” and skill retention
“Over-learning” has a positive effect on skill retention.
still want to avoid frustration when learning something
are intervals in training barriers to learning
Intervals of weeks to months between training are not barriers to learning
- As little as 6 minutes per month can be effective
what is a discrete skill
A skill containing a single unit of activity with a definite beginning and end.
A tennis serve and golf swing are examples of discrete skills
what is a continuous skill
One which has no clear beginning or end but is more a cycle of movements repeated over and over again.
Examples of this are running, cycling and swimming.
distribution of practice is better for what kind of skill
continuous
massed type of practice is better for what kind of skill
discrete
what are motor chunks
- Some skills consist of a sequence of sub-skills or
components and can be broken down into
“motor chunks”
whole and part practice what is the best seq. to learning a skill
whole>part >whole
whole practice is best for what type on motions
tasks involving continuous movement
what is the benefit of simplifying skills
Reducing errors during initial practice attempts may encourage a more implicit method of learning.
- The simpler version of the skill may be useful itself.
- Reduce attentional demands, degrees of freedom, etc.
what is an example of mental pratice
imagery - visualizing what it is you want to do
greater effect on closed skill
less of a effect on novel tasks
what is intrinsic feedback
what the learner can see, hear, or feel
augmented feedback
mirror, video, biofeedback
Knowledge of results - feedback and good or bad
State success or failure, usually unnecessary
Knowledge of performance - good bad and how
Provide information about how the skill was performed
Pointing out errors is more effective than noting successes.
when is the best to provide feedback
- Providing feedback after the skill is usually preferable.
