exam 1: neuroplascity Flashcards
what is Neuroplasticity
adaptive remodeling of the brain in response to a stimulus
neuroplasticity in normal brain
basis for learning
neuroplasticity in damaged brain
basis both for relearning
NP what changes - Chemical/synaptic changes
Connections are enhanced by releasing more neutotransmitters
* New receptors activated; old receptors modified
NP what changes - Structural changes
- New dendritic spines grow and form new connections
- New neurons grow
NP what changes - Cortical area changes
Areas with increased activity expand, decreased activity reduce
NP what changes - Functional changes
- Neurons adopt a new function
what is the impact of brain damage and learning
Brain damage changes the way the brain responds to learnin
what is the best why to remodel the damaged brain
relearning is our best hope for remodeling the damaged brain
Learning reorganizes the damaged brain, even in the absence of rehab
what to do when you want to get better a
performing a certain skill
you have to practice the that skill.
what should neuro rehab be centered around
around learning coordinated,
efficient, goal-directed movement
- This is done through cortical reorganization = we strengthen and remodel
neuronal connections
time matters and NP
different forms of plascity occurs at different times in training
does trained induced plascity occur more in younger or older brains
younger brains
how does the nature of training impact plascity
The nature of training experience dictates the nature of plasticity.
repetition and plasticity
Induction of plasticity requires sufficient repetition
intensity and plasticity
induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity
high intensity gait training
Walking or stepping practice rigorous enough to stay at or above 60-80% HRmax or HRR
- Weighting LE, increased speed, stairs, obstacles, dynamic gait
how can you measure instensity
RPE, talk test,
OPTIMAL THEORY - what is this
Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning
what does the optimal theory emphasize
Emphasizes the importance of motivational states of the patient prior to and during therapeutic activities
and
attention
does motor learning focus more on the goal or the movement
the goal
motor learning and autonomy
motor learning is advanced when there are opportunities for autonomy
OPTIMAL- Enhanced Expectancies
Enhancing performance expectancies facilitates learning.
We want positive information about ourselves
Motivational factors mediate learning benefits.
Worry about performance or abilities being observed/measured/compared leads to
sub-optimal learning.
how do we enhanced expectancies
goal setting
portray tasks as learnable and provide outcome expectations
external rewards
focus on task more then self - goal-action
OPTIMAL- Autonomy
We are motivated when we feel like our actions have effects on the environment
OPTIMAL- Autonomy, how do we do it
Give learner control over certain aspects of the practice session
Give learner choices
How we word instructions matters. Use language that gives a sense of choice
OPTIMAL- External Focus of Attention
Direct attention away from one’s body parts to the intended movement to improve
performance and learning.
what is Effectiveness:
Accuracy in hitting a target, producing force, maintaining balance
what is Efficiency
Less energy = reduced muscular activity, oxygen consumption, heart rate
what is Self Efficacy
“I believe I’ll be able to do this.”
what is Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
helps to support the survival of existing neurons
increases electrical signaling and improving signal strength
(protects from stress an cell death, and encourage the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses through axonal and dendritic sprouting
what are Neurotrophic factors
support the growth, survival, and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons
is motor learning a short term change or long term chnage
Long term change
motor performance LTC or STC
the pt may not be able to retain a performance at this level
Improvement
performance of the skill shows
improvement over a period of time
Consistency
as learning progresses, performance
becomes increasingly more consistent
Stability
as learning progresses, internal and external
perturbations have less of an influence on performance
Persistence
as the person progresses in learning the
skill, the improved performance capability lasts over
increasing periods of time (i.e. changes in
performance become more permanent)
Adaptability
the improved performance becomes
adaptable to a variety of performance characteristics i.e.
the skill becomes more generalizable
what are the two aspect of motor learning that impact LTC
generalization and consolidation
generalization
use of past learning in
present situations of learning if the conditions
in the situations are regarded as similar
Transfer of knowledge onto new situations
