exam 1: neuroplascity

Question 1

what is Neuroplasticity

Answer 1

adaptive remodeling of the brain in response to a stimulus

Question 2

neuroplasticity in normal brain

Answer 2

basis for learning

Question 3

neuroplasticity in damaged brain

Answer 3

basis both for relearning

Question 4

NP what changes - Chemical/synaptic changes

Answer 4

Connections are enhanced by releasing more neutotransmitters
* New receptors activated; old receptors modified

Question 5

NP what changes - Structural changes

Answer 5

• New dendritic spines grow and form new connections
• New neurons grow

Question 6

NP what changes - Cortical area changes

Answer 6

Areas with increased activity expand, decreased activity reduce

Question 7

NP what changes - Functional changes

Answer 7

• Neurons adopt a new function

Question 8

what is the impact of brain damage and learning

Answer 8

Brain damage changes the way the brain responds to learnin

Question 9

what is the best why to remodel the damaged brain

Answer 9

relearning is our best hope for remodeling the damaged brain

Learning reorganizes the damaged brain, even in the absence of rehab

Question 10

what to do when you want to get better a
performing a certain skill

Answer 10

you have to practice the that skill.

Question 11

what should neuro rehab be centered around

Answer 11

around learning coordinated,
efficient, goal-directed movement

• This is done through cortical reorganization = we strengthen and remodel
  neuronal connections

Question 12

time matters and NP

Answer 12

different forms of plascity occurs at different times in training

Question 13

does trained induced plascity occur more in younger or older brains

Answer 13

younger brains

Question 14

how does the nature of training impact plascity

Answer 14

The nature of training experience dictates the nature of plasticity.

Question 15

repetition and plasticity

Answer 15

Induction of plasticity requires sufficient repetition

Question 16

intensity and plasticity

Answer 16

induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity

Question 17

high intensity gait training

Answer 17

Walking or stepping practice rigorous enough to stay at or above 60-80% HRmax or HRR

• Weighting LE, increased speed, stairs, obstacles, dynamic gait

Question 18

how can you measure instensity

Answer 18

RPE, talk test,

Question 19

OPTIMAL THEORY - what is this

Answer 19

Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning

Question 20

what does the optimal theory emphasize

Answer 20

Emphasizes the importance of motivational states of the patient prior to and during therapeutic activities

and

attention

Question 21

does motor learning focus more on the goal or the movement

Answer 21

the goal

Question 22

motor learning and autonomy

Answer 22

motor learning is advanced when there are opportunities for autonomy

Question 23

OPTIMAL- Enhanced Expectancies

Answer 23

Enhancing performance expectancies facilitates learning.

We want positive information about ourselves

Motivational factors mediate learning benefits.

Worry about performance or abilities being observed/measured/compared leads to
sub-optimal learning.

Question 24

how do we enhanced expectancies

Answer 24

goal setting

portray tasks as learnable and provide outcome expectations

external rewards

focus on task more then self - goal-action

Question 25

OPTIMAL- Autonomy

Answer 25

We are motivated when we feel like our actions have effects on the environment

Question 26

OPTIMAL- Autonomy, how do we do it

Answer 26

Give learner control over certain aspects of the practice session

Give learner choices

How we word instructions matters. Use language that gives a sense of choice

Question 27

OPTIMAL- External Focus of Attention

Answer 27

Direct attention away from one’s body parts to the intended movement to improve
performance and learning.

Question 28

what is Effectiveness:

Answer 28

Accuracy in hitting a target, producing force, maintaining balance

Question 29

what is Efficiency

Answer 29

Less energy = reduced muscular activity, oxygen consumption, heart rate

Question 30

what is Self Efficacy

Answer 30

“I believe I’ll be able to do this.”

Question 31

what is Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Answer 31

helps to support the survival of existing neurons

increases electrical signaling and improving signal strength

(protects from stress an cell death, and encourage the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses through axonal and dendritic sprouting

Question 32

what are Neurotrophic factors

Answer 32

support the growth, survival, and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons

Question 33

is motor learning a short term change or long term chnage

Answer 33

Long term change

Question 34

motor performance LTC or STC

Answer 34

the pt may not be able to retain a performance at this level

Question 35

Improvement

Answer 35

performance of the skill shows
improvement over a period of time

Question 36

Consistency

Answer 36

as learning progresses, performance
becomes increasingly more consistent

Question 37

Stability

Answer 37

as learning progresses, internal and external
perturbations have less of an influence on performance

Question 38

Persistence

Answer 38

as the person progresses in learning the
skill, the improved performance capability lasts over
increasing periods of time (i.e. changes in
performance become more permanent)

Question 39

Adaptability

Answer 39

the improved performance becomes
adaptable to a variety of performance characteristics i.e.
the skill becomes more generalizable

Question 40

what are the two aspect of motor learning that impact LTC

Answer 40

generalization and consolidation

Question 41

generalization

Answer 41

use of past learning in
present situations of learning if the conditions
in the situations are regarded as similar

 Transfer of knowledge onto new situations