Exam 1 skeletal system Flashcards
to memorize the exam 1 questions on the human skeleton
Superior
Up
Inferior
down
Medial
towards the body midline
Lateral
away from the body midline
Proximal
up from the arm
Distal
Down from the arm
Anterior
poking the hips forwards
Posterior
Poking the butt out
what is the Axial skeleton
top part of the body including the (head, ribs, lower spine), not including hips or shoulders
what is the Appendicular skeleton
the limbs of the body (shoulders, arms, hips, legs)
Where is the hyoid bone
controls the tongue, not attached to any bones
Radius
forearm bone closest to the thumb
Ulna
Forearm bone closest to the pinky
Tibia
Shin bone closest to the big toe
fibula
closest bone to the pinky toe
What is compact bone?
hard outer layer of the bone that is smooth, dense, and homogenous
Spongy bone/trabecular bone
softer inner layer of bone that contains red bone marrow and increases the strength of the overall bone
Bone marrow
the soft tissue that surrounds the spongy bone inside of bones. It creates blood cells and contains stem cells; this all is an important part of a healthy immune system.
Long bones
longer than they are wide, have a shaft with heads on both ends; mostly contains compact bone. Like farmers, ulna, or radius
Epiphysis
ends of a long bone; thin layer of compact bone enclosing the spongy bone.
Diaphysis (shaft)
Shaft of the bone
Articular cartilage
the cartilage found on the bone (like with chicken); smooth and slippery, protects the joint surfaces
Frontal skull bone
the front of the skull
Parietal skull bone
sides of the skull
temporal skull bone
below the parietal bone
occipital skull bone
back of the head
orbital skull bone
below the occipital bone
maxilla skull bone
The upper lip area
mandible skull bone
jaw
nasal bones
nose bridge
skull sutures
Lines where growing solid bones (like the skull) are connected together over time
Fontanels
babies soft spots in their skulls where they haven’t fused together yet
Pectoral girdle
where the axial skeleton (mostly upper half) and the appendicular (limbs) attach to the body
Pelvic girdle
is formed by the bony pelvis along with the sacrum and coccyx. attaches the lower limbs to the upper body
Fixed joint
When grown immovable bones (like the skull) fuse together, leaving sutures in its place
Synovial Joints
Freely movable joints with cartilage like the hip or the elbow joints
facet joints
flexible, loose connective tissues of the spine
Fibrous joint
immovable, bones united by fibrous tissues (like ustures in the skull)
Ossification
process of bone formation
Osteoblasts
specilized growth cells that produce bone
osteocytes
mature bone cells trapped in bone tissue within osteons
Osteoclasts
break down and remodels bone for regrowth
what are the 6 types of fractures
simple
compound
greestick
comminucated
impacted
stress
what is closed reduction of a fracture?
When the bone ends are but back into position by hand
what is open reduction of a fracture
when the bone is put back by surgical methods
what are the stages of bone healing?
Inflammation
soft callus
bony callus
remodeling
What are the different types of bones?
flat
sesamoid
irregular
long
short
sutural
