Exam #1: Review Flashcards
Outline the hierarchy of sources in EBM.
1) Systematic reviews/ meta-analyses
2) RCT
3) Prospective studies
4) Retrospective studies
5) Cross-sectional
6) Case series
7) Case reports
What questions must be answered to determine if a source/ study/article is clinically valid?
1) Is it peer-reviewed?
2) Are the locations and patient populations valid?
3) Is the study sponsored in a way that may introduce bias?
4) Is the study concerning a common ur uncommon issue?
5) Will the information impact patient care?
What are the four scales of measurement?
1) Nominal= identity only e.g. male vs. female
2) Ordinal= identity and magnitude e.g. stages of cancer
3) Interval= identity, magnitude, and equal intervals BUT no 0 e.g. Fahrenheit
4) Ratio= identity, magnitude, equal intervals, AND a true 0 e.g. weight
What is a “class” in statistics?
One of the categories a qualitative variable can be classified into
What is the equation for probability?
p= f(x)/sample space
What are the three types of operations, their symbols, and their associated words?
Intersection= "and" = inverse u Union= "or" = u Complement= "not"
What is the special rule of addition?
P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B)
What is the general rule of addition?
P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B)- P(A and B)
What is the general rule of multiplication?
P(BlA)= P(A and B)/P(A)
Where P(BlA)= “probability of B given A
What is the special rule of multiplication?
P(A and B)= P(A) x P(B)
Write Bayes Theorem. What is the prior probability? What is the posterior probability?
N/A
What is the sampling distribution?
Probability distribution of the statistic
What is the sampling distribution?
Probability distribution of the statistic
Write the formula for the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. What is this also called?
N/A
Standard error of the mean
Write the formula for z. Write the formula for t? How do they differ?
N/A
Write the formula for calculating a confidence interval.
N/A
What is the formula for degrees of freedom?
n-1
How can a table of two qualitative variables be summarized?
Odds ratio
I.e. the summary of a cross-tab table into a single number
What is the numerical summary of the relationship between a qualitative and a quantitative variable called?
Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (Rs)
What is a pearson correlation coefficient?
A measure of the direction and strength of relationship between two quantitative variables
What is the formula for EER?
A/(A+B)
What is the formula for CER?
C/(C+D)
What is the formula for ARR?
EER - CER
What is the formula for NNT?
1/ARR
What is the formula for RRR?
(EER - CER)/CER
What is the formula for RR?
EER/CER i.e. [A/(A+B)/C/(C+D)]
What is the formula for OR?
AD/BC
