Exam 1 Quiz 1 Flashcards
Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions
Anatomy: form
what is it?
-scientific name
-location
-relation to other structures
-association with other structures
Physiology: Function
-what does it do?
-how does it do it?
-how does it affect other organs, structures
-what regulates it’s action/function
Explain the principle of complementarity.
anatomy and physiology are inseparable
-function almost always reflects structure
-structure dictates function: selective optimization
form dictating function
think of how the front teeth are shaped and how they are made to bite and molars (back teeth) are made to chew
Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and
explain their relationships
atoms–> molecules–> organells–> cells–> tissues–> organ–> organ system
organ system interrelationships
-organs require other organs
-organ systems work synergistically in order to function optimally
-cells require organs
Define homeostasis and explain its significance
-maintenance of relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
-a dynamic state of equilibrium
-happy place of the body
what do homeostatic control mechanisms involve
-Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)
-Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones
physiological stress response
-heart races
-glucose levels rise
-pupil dilates
-digestion stops
- autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system)
homeostatic control mechanisms (mammals)
-for most mammals stress is straight forward
-acute physical stressor results=predictable disturbance of homeostasis
-manage dynamic external environment by modulating internal environment appropriately
-evolutionarily conserved adaptive process
Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease
-stress has negative consequences when we stop acting like most other mammals and do not return to homeostasis
-humans get chronically psychogically stressed (this causes us to be constatly out of our normal range)
-BP, blood sugar and heart rate
how does stress impact homeostasis and our immune system
it makes our Bp, blood sugar and heart rate be out of the normal range
we deplete our resources which makes us get sick if we are constatly stressed
can lead to chronic illnes like obesity, diabetes
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms (fight or flight)
beneficial to have fight/ flight response prepare our bodies for impending injury/ infection
-harmful to not return to our resting homeostatic state
Describe how negative feedback maintain body homeostasis
-negative feedback reduces of shuts off the original stimulus
-response of the effector is in opposite direction of stimulus
give examples what negative feed back regulates
-stress hormones (endocrine system)
-body temperature (nervous system)
-blood volume by ADH (endocrine system)
give an example of negative feedback loop in relation to regulating temperature
answer here
talk about negative feed back when regulating blood volume ADH
-receptors sense decreased blood volume
-control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-ADH is the hormone that stops urination
-ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to blood
Describe how positive feedback maintain body homeostasis
-the response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
-may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
-usually controls infrequent events such as the enhancement of labor contraction by oxytocin and platelet plug formation and blood clotting
give an example of the positive feed back loop in relation to temperature
-stimulus: body temperature falls
-receptors: thermoreceptors
information is sent along the afferent pathway to the control center
the control center send the info along the efferent pathway to effectors
effectors: skeletal muscles
response: body temperature rises because shivering begins an the stimulus ends
homeostatic imbalance (hint: aging and death)
-disturbance of homeostasis
-increases risk of disease
-contributes to changes associated with aging
-may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (like heart failure)
what is a adaptive disturbance
the fight or flight response
what is maladaptive disturbance
being chronically stressed and getting a chronic illness (diabetes) because of it
Define a cell and explain cell theory.
-the cell is the smallest structural and functional living unit
-organismal functions depend on individual and collective cell functions
-biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their specific subcellular structures
what does a zygote have that a T cell does not
-even though both are cells they are different
-a zygote has the ability to perform functions essential for their own survival as well as specialized tasks to maintain homeostasis depends on successful, cooperative operation of intercellular components
-a zygote is a fertilized egg that have everything it needs to survive
-T cells can recognize infinite number of foreign antigens
Describe the function of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and the nucleus
-plasma membrane: protects the cell an gives it shape
-cytoplasm: where the organelles are floating
-nucleus: what controls the cell and houses the DNA
what role does membrane transport and membrane potential have in a cell
-these are vital for maintaining homeostasis in a variety of cell types
what is the plasma membrane and what are its functions
-biomolecular layer of lipids and proteins in a constantly changing fluid mosaic
-proteins help with the transit
-plays a dynamic role in cellular activity
-separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)
-ensures different environment inside and outside the cells
Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane
75% phospholipids (lipd bilayer)
-phosphate heads: polar and hydrophilic
-fatty acid tails: nonpolar and hydrophobic
5% glycolipids- lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface
20% cholesterol: affects membrane stability and fluidity
-anchors it
what is the plasma membrane largely made up of
lipids (fat)
are natural steroid hormones lipids why or why not
yes bc they are synthesized from cholesterol
-they can pass through the membrane with out problem
integral proteins and their functions
firmly inserted into the membrane (most are transmembrane)
-transport proteins (channels carrier), enzymes, or receptors
peripheral proteins and their function
-loosely attached to integral proteins
-found on intracellular and extracellular surfaces
-functions include: enzymes, motor proteins, cell- to- cell links, provide support on intracellular surface
6 functions of membrane proteins
- transport
- receptor for signal transduction
- attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
- enzymatic activity
- intercellular joining
- cell- cell recognition
how do membrane proteins transport substances
-can provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute
-some transports proteins made ATP as an energy sources to pump substances across the membrane (this is when the substance is going against the concentration gradient)
How are membrane proteins receptors
-membrane proteins that are exposed to the outside of the cell may have a binding site with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger (like a hormone)
-the external signal may cause a change in shape in the proteins that initiates a chain of chemicals reactions in the cell
Membrane proteins: attachment sites
-attach to the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix
-elements of the -cytoskeleton (supports the inside of the cells) and the extracellular matrix may be anchored to membrane proteins, which help maintain the cell shape and fix the location of certain membrane proteins
-others play a role in a cell movement or bind adjacent cells together
enzymatic activity
-A protein built into the membrane may be an enzyme with active site exposed
-in some cases several enzymes in a membrane act as a team that catalyzes sequential steps of a metabolic pathway as indicated
intercellular joining (remember CAMS)
The function of membrane proteins in which membrane proteins of adjacent cells hook together, as in gap junctions or tight junctions (or various intercellular junctions
-some membrane proteins (CAMS or cell adhesion molecules) of this group provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell to cell interactions
cell-cell recognition
The function of membrane proteins in which some glycoproteins serve as ID tags that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells.
-think of how a sperm cell recognizes an egg
membrane transport (think about what the plasma membrane is)
-Plasma membranes are selectively permeable
-Some molecules easily pass through the membrane; others do not
how do molecules pass through a membrane
via proteins
-hydrophilic doorway
what are the types of membrane transport
passive processes and active processes
what are passive processes
-requires no cellular energy (ATP) required bc molecule uses kinetic energy from the concentration gradient itself
-substances moves down its concentration gradient (high to low)
-no resistance
what are active processes
-goes against the concentration gradient
-energy (ATP) is required
-occurs only in living cell membranes
what are the components of a control mechanism
stimulus, receptor, input (send info along an afferent pathway to the control center), control center, output (info gets send along an efferent pathway to effector), effector, response
Compare and contrast simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis relative to substances transported, direction, and mechanism
-all of these are passive processes
-for simple diffusion the molecule needs no help moving across the membrane
-carrier mediated and channel mediated diffusion are both facilitated diffusion (this is when a hydrophilic molecule goes through a hydrophilic protein)
-osmosis is the movement of water across a semi permeable membrane. the goal is to equalize the solute concentration
What is simple diffusion?
-is a passive processes
-when non polar lipid soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer
-oxygen, Co2 and Urea (all of these are lipid soluble
