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Motor Behavior > Exam 1 Questions > Flashcards

Exam 1 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

A research her from the area of _______ would be interested in how massed versus distributed practice influences the acquisition of a skill.
A. Motor control
B. Motor learning
C. Motor development
D. None of the above

A

B. Motor learning

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2
Q

True or False: The degree of freedom problem is a negative aspect of motor control.

A

False

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3
Q

True or False: The terms “physical growth” and “motor development” are interchangeable.

A

False

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4
Q

What is the solution for the degree of freedom problem of motor control?

A

Coordination

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5
Q

What is the solution for the serial order problem?

A

Coarticulation

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6
Q

True or False: Degrees of freedom refer to the number of independent components in a control system and the number of ways each component can vary.

A

True

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7
Q

Provide two examples of perception and motor integration error.

A
  1. Seeing a large box and thinking it is heavy when it is not can cause you to use more muscle than needed to pick it up.
  2. If there is a confusing pattern on a stair case it disrupts your depth perception and you may fall.
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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of motor learning?
A. Can be observed directly
B. Occurs as a direct result of practice
C. Is assumed to produce relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior
D. Is the process of acquiring a capability for producing skilled actions

A

A. Can be observed directly

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9
Q

True or False: To distract a basketball free throw shooter, the fans from the opposing team wave their arms in the air. The waving arms are an example of a regulatory condition.

A

False

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10
Q

True or False: The color of a ball is an example of a non-regulatory condition.

A

True

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11
Q

True or False: Skill classification is important since it provides a guideline on how the transfer principle can be implemented and help practitioners to better design practice programs.

A

True

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12
Q

According to Gentile’s taxonomy of motor skills, which of the following describes the least complex skill?
A. Regulatory conditions stationary; object manipulated
B. Regulatory conditions in motion; object manipulated
C. Regulatory conditions stationary; no object manipulated
D. Regulatory conditions in motion; no object manipulated

A

C. Regulatory conditions stationary; no object manipulated

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13
Q

Riding a surfboard on multiple waves would be classified in Gentile’s taxonomy as:
A. Stationary environment, intertrial variability, body transport
B. Stationary environment, intertrial variability, body stability
C. In motion environment, intertrial variability, body transport
D. In motion environment, intertrial variability, body stability

A

C. In motion environment, intertrial variability, body transport

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14
Q

A softball player throws pitches to a stationary, cardboard cut-out of a batter. The Environmental Context for the pitcher is:
A. Stationary with intertrial variability
B. Stationary with no intertrial variability
C. In-motion with intertrial variability
D. In-motion with no intertrial variability

A

B. Stationary with no intertrial variability

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15
Q

Archery and piano playing are two quite different skills, yet they can both be classified as ______ motor skills when the classification system is based on the stability of the environment.

A

Closed

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16
Q

Faking out an opponent is effective due to which of these?
A. Stimulus-response compatibility
B. Psychological refractory period
C. Hick’s law
D. Central limited capacity

A

B. Psychological refractory period

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17
Q

True or False: The primary motor cortex is the area of the cerebral cortex primarily responsible for movement initiation and the coordination of movements for fine motor skills.

A

True

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18
Q

True or False: Damage to the cerebellum typically results in clumsy movements.

A

True

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19
Q

Motor neurons are also called:
A. Interneurons
B. Afferent neurons
C. Efferent neurons
D. Impulse neurons

A

C. Efferent neurons

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20
Q

Which are of the cerebral cortex is NOT one of the four areas primarily involved in the control of movement?
A. Primary motor cortex
B. Premotor area
C. Supplementary motor area
D. Temporal lobe

A

D. Temporal lobe

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21
Q

Which of the following is an important subcortical structure involved in the control of movement?
A. Primary motor cortex
B. Premotor area
C. Supplementary motor area
D. Basal ganglia

A

D. Basal ganglia

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22
Q

Parkinson’s disease is the result of a dysfunction of this area of the brain.
A. Cerebral cortex
B. Cerebellum
C. Basal ganglia
D. Diencephalon

A

C. Basal ganglia

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23
Q

The most posterior lobe of the cerebral cortex, which is especially important for visual perception, is the _______ lobe.

A

Occipital

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24
Q

True or False: Multiple recourse theories of attention focus on the types of demands placed on various information processing and response outcome structures.

A

True

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25
Q

The research procedure most commonly used to investigate attention-limit issues for motor skill learning and performance is known as the:
A. Attentional focus procedure
B. Dual-task procedure
C. Event occlusion procedure
D. Temporal occlusion procedure

A

B. Dual-task procedure

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26
Q

The process involved when people direct attention to specific regulatory features in the environment and/or to action preparation activities is known as attention:
A. Capacity
B. Demands
C. Focus
D. Switching

A

C. Focus

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27
Q

True or False: Focusing on your legs pushing the water down would be an example of an external focus.

A

True

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28
Q

Which of the following sensory developmental delays could occur due to limited physically active experiences and thus hinder children’s ability to acquire more complex motor skills?
A. Proprioceptive development
B. Visual acuity development
C. Auditory development
D. Vestibular development

A

A. Proprioceptive development

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29
Q

Which of the following does NOT provide proprioception?
A. Golgi tendon organs
B. Vestibular apparatus
C. Audition
D. Cutaneous receptors

A

C. Audition

30
Q

A basketball player is very nervous about her upcoming game and to try to calm her nerves is visualizing her previous game when she scored many points. What system of long-term memory is being accessed?
A. Procedural
B. Semantic
C. Episodic
D. Central executive

A

C. Episodic

31
Q

Two important functions of working memory are to serve as a: (1) storage location for information just presented; (2) workspace to integrate information you just received with information retrieved from ________.

A

Long-term memory

32
Q

What is not considered a role of the working memory?
A. Retrieves info from long-term memory
B. Decision making
C. Movement production
D. Save procedural memory for an extended time

A

D. Save procedural memory for an extended time

33
Q

True or False: Working memory is the structure that transfers info to long-term memory

A

True

34
Q

An individual selective attends to some info in the environment and will be available in ________ memory for approximately 20-30 seconds.

A

Short-term

35
Q

True or False: A benefit of a basic understanding of motor control theory is that is provides the practitioner with a base of support on which he or she can develop effective skill instruction and practice environments.

A

True

36
Q

True or False: An example of an invariant feature of a generalized motor program (GMP) is the overall speed involved in performing a skill.

A

False

37
Q

According to Schmidt’s motor program-based theory of motor control, which of the following would be controlled by the same generalized motor program (GMP)?
A. Hitting a golf ball and hitting a pitched baseball
B. Throwing a ball overhand and underhand
C. Using either hand to reach for and grasp an object
D. Walking and running

A

C. Using either hand to reach for and grasp an object

38
Q

An example of a parameter added to Schmidt’s generalized motor program (GMP) would be:
A. The relative timing characteristics of your signature
B. The relative force used to write your signature
C. The muscles used to write your signature
D. None of the above

A

C. The muscles used to write your signature

39
Q

An example of an invariant feature in Schmidt’s generalized motor program (GMP) would be:
A. The relative timing characteristics of your signature
B. The absolute time used to write your signature
C. The absolute force used to write your signature
D. The muscles used to write your signature

A

A. The relative timing characteristics of your signature

40
Q

An important difference between the open- and closed-loop control systems is that the:
A. Closed-loop system involves feedback; the open-loop system does not
b. Open-loop system involves feedback; the closed-loop system does not
c. Closed-loop system involves movement instructions; the open-loop system does not
d. Open-loop system involves movement instructions; the closed-loop system does not

A

A. Closed-loop system involves feedback; the open-loop system does not

41
Q

The action of throwing a dart at a dartboard is an example of a motor skill that is controlled by:
a. A closed-loop control system
b. An open-loop control system
c. Both open-loop and closed-loop control systems
d. Feedback

A

b. An open-loop control system

42
Q

Which of the following skills would be under closed-loop control?
a. Throwing a dart at a dart board
b. Bowling a bowling ball
c. Shooting a bullet at a tin can
d. Driving a car

A

d. Driving a car

43
Q

True or False: That people spontaneously change from a walking to a running coordination pattern at a certain
speed demonstrates that patterns of movement coordination can self-organize.

A

True

44
Q

True or False: Perception-action coupling is an essential element in accounting for the motor control of open
motor skills such as catching a thrown ball.

A

False

45
Q

According to the ecological perspectives thoery, the reciprocal fit between the characteristics of
a person and the characteristics of the environment that permit specific actions, such as stairs
having the physical characteristics to permit stair climbing, are referred to as _____________.

A

Affordance

46
Q

The performance of any motor skill is influenced by characteristics of:
a. The performer
b. The environment
c. The skill itself
d. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

47
Q

True or False: The coordination between the two arms can spontaneously shift (transition) as swimming speed
increases.

A

True

48
Q

The dynamical systems theory indicates that skilled action is controlled by the nervous system
constraining functionally specific collectives of muscles and joints, which are known as:
a. Coordinative structures
b. Degrees of freedom
c. Generalized motor programs
d. Motor units

A

a. Coordinative structures

49
Q

In dynamical systems terminology, an attractor refers to a:
a. Complex movement
b. Stable behavioral steady state of a system
c. Motor program
d. State of coordination instability

A

b. Stable behavioral steady state of a system

50
Q

Fitts’ Law specifies that performance will show a speed-accuracy trade-off in a rapid manual
aiming task according to the relationship between which two characteristics of the task?
a. Distance to move and target size
b. Distance to move and movement speed
c. Target size and movement speed
d. Target size and type of target

A

a. Distance to move and target size

51
Q

True or False: The Fitts and Posner stages of learning model proposes that learners engage in the highest
amount of cognitive activity during the associative stage.

A

False

52
Q

True or False: According to Gentile’s stages of learning model, the learner’s goals for the later stages depend
on whether the skill is an open or closed skill.

A

True

53
Q

True or False: Learners in the later stages of learning typically “freeze degrees of freedom” in their attempt to
control the multiple degrees of freedom of a complex motor skill.

A

False

54
Q

According to Fitts and Posner, the learner moves through three stages when learning a motor
skill. These are the cognitive, the associative, and the:
a. Fixated
b. Diversified
c. Verbal
d. Autonomous

A

d. Autonomous

55
Q

Gentile’s learning stages model indicates that in the second stage of learning, one goal of the
learner is related specifically to closed skills. This goal is called:
a. Fixation
b. Diversification
c. Relevant
d. Irrelevant

A

a. Fixation

56
Q

According to Bernstein, during the early phase of skill acquisition, learners tend to:
a. Freeze degrees of freedom
b. Unfreeze degrees of freedom
c. Select efficient movement patterns
d. None of the above

A

a. Freeze degrees of freedom

57
Q

According to Bernstein, during the last phase of skill acquisition, learners:
a. Freeze degrees of freedom
b. Unfreeze degrees of freedom
c. Exploit passive forces to minimize energy costs
d. Develop coordinative structures

A

c. Exploit passive forces to minimize energy costs

58
Q

Automatization of motor skills is associated with _____________ in cortical brain activity.
a. A reduction
b. An increase
c. No change
d. Strange oscillations

A

a. A reduction

59
Q

According to the Fitts and Posner model, the stage of learning during which the learner makes a
large number of errors and tries to answer a lot of “how to” questions is the ________ stage.

A

Cognitive

60
Q

True or False: An important performance characteristic often associated with learning is that the person
becomes increasingly more capable of adapting performance of the skill to new performance
contexts and situations.

A

True

61
Q

True or False: A retention test typically follows a period of time after practice of a skill has ceased.

A

True

62
Q

True or False: Requiring a person to perform a skill under stressful conditions, which have not been
experienced during practice, is an effective way to give a retention test.

A

False

63
Q

True or False: If the performance measure has a maximum score that can be attained it is known as a ceiling
effect.

A

True

64
Q

A ___________ curve shows larger increases in performance during early practice trials than in
later trials.
a. Linear
b. Negatively accelerating
c. S-shaped
d. Positively accelerating

A

b. Negatively accelerating

65
Q

The performance of a skill in a new situation or a variation of a practiced skill is the hallmark of
a:
a. Performance test
b. Practice observation
c. Retention test
d. Transfer test

A

d. Transfer test

66
Q

Use of a transfer test evaluates this performance characteristic associated with motor skill
learning:
a. Adaptability
b. Consistency
c. Improvement
d. Persistence

A

a. Adaptability

67
Q

Which retention measure informs the learner as to how much his or her performance has
changed over the retention interval relative to the change in the original learning?
a. savings score
b. absolute score
c. percentage score
d. difference score

A

c. percentage score

68
Q

True or False: One of the reasons for negative transfer is the initial cognitive confusion that occurs when a
person must make a different movement in a familiar environmental context.

A

True

69
Q

Transfer tests in motor learning research do not assess performance of:
a. A novel variation of the practiced skill
b. A different, although related, skill than was practiced
c. The practiced skill one day after practice ends
d. The practiced skill in a new situation

A

c. The practiced skill one day after practice ends

70
Q

We can historically trace the view that transfer occurs because of the similar characteristics of
two skills to the ________ theory.

A

Identical element

71
Q

The __________ theory states that the primary reason for positive transfer between two motor
skills is the similarity of the cognitive processes required by the skills.

A

Transfer-appropriate processing

72
Q

Explain the relationship between the arousal level and the performance level based on the inverted U hypothesis

A
  • low arousal: performance is poor because person lacks motivation/interest and focus on irrelevant stimuli
  • moderate arousal: performance is at its best because they are energized but not stressed
  • high arousal: performance is poor because person is anxious/stressed and lose focus

Motor Behavior (7 decks)

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