Exam 1 - Outline 4 Flashcards
Variety and Stability of Living Things:
Variation-
- There are many different kinds of __________
- __________ within each kind of organism
- organisms
- Variability
Variety and Stability of Living Things:
Stability
1. We have a great amount of __________ within kinds of organisms
stability
Variety and Stability of Living Things:
Genetics/DNA (__________)
- Differences in DNA give variety
- Similarity in DNA give stability
deoxyribonucleic acid
Variety and Stability of Living Things:
Genetics/DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- Differences in DNA give __________
- Similarity in DNA give __________
- variety
- stability
Variety and Stability of Living Things:
Genetics/DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- __________ in DNA give variety
- __________ in DNA give stability
- Differences
- Similarity
-Chromosome Characteristics-
__________ :
a. Long, thread-like (shaped) molecule tightly coiled into chromosomes
b. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is mostly found in the nucleus of each cell
DNA
-Chromosome Characteristics-
DNA:
a. Long, thread-like (shaped) molecule tightly coiled into __________
b. In __________ cells, DNA is mostly found in the nucleus of each cell
- chromosomes
- eukaryotic
-Chromosome Characteristics-
DNA:
a. Long, __________ (shaped) molecule tightly coiled into chromosomes
b. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is mostly found in the __________ of each cell
- thread-like
- nucleus
-Chromosome Characteristics-
Chromosomes
a. DNA molecule
b. Every species has a specific number of __________ (come in pairs)
chromosomes
-Chromosome Characteristics-
Chromosomes
a. DNA molecule
b. Every species has a specific number of chromosomes (come in __________ )
pairs
-Chromosome Characteristics-
number of chromosomes:
Humans = ___ (___ pairs)
- 46
- 23
Number of chromosomes does NOT indicate organism __________
complexity
__________ -
-Specific regions of DNA located literally on specific chromosomes and any one chromosome can have hundreds or thousands of genes arranged in a line along the DNA strand
Genes;
Genes;
-Specific regions of DNA located literally on specific __________ and any one chromosome can have hundreds or thousands of genes arranged in a line along the __________ strand
- chromosomes
- DNA
Genes;
-Specific regions of DNA located literally on specific chromosomes and any one __________ can have hundreds or thousands of __________ arranged in a line along the DNA strand
- chromosome
- genes
Diploid (___) = 2 of each kind of chromosome
- “___” = number of different kinds of chromosomes
- 2n
- n
Diploid (2n) = 2 of each kind of __________
- “n” = number of different __________ of chromosomes
- chromosome
- kinds
__________ (2n) = 2 of each kind of chromosome
- “n” = number of different kinds of chromosomes
Diploid
Diploid (2n)
- Humans have ___ chromosomes, meaning we have 23 different kinds chromosomes and 2 of each __________
- 46
- kind
Diploid (2n)
- Humans have 46 chromosomes, meaning we have ___ different kinds chromosomes and ___ of each kind
- 23
- 2
Diploid organisms : __________ (mostly)
animals
__________ organisms : animals (mostly)
Diploid
Haploid (noted as “___”) = a cell that has one of each kind of chromosome
n
Haploid (noted as “n”) = a cell that has one of each kind of __________
chromosome
__________ (noted as “n”) = a cell that has one of each kind of chromosome
Haploid
most living things are __________
haploid
Haploid
- Ex; Spirogyra = 12 chromosomes
- ___ different kinds of chromosomes, only _____ of each kind
- 12
- one
Haploid
- Ex; Spirogyra = 12 __________
- 12 different kinds of chromosomes, only one of each kind
chromosomes
Haploid organisms:
- __________
- most protest
- most __________
- bacteria
- fungi
Haploid organisms:
- bacteria
- most __________
- most fungi
protest
plants are both (n + 2n) (__________ + __________)
- __________ of diploid organisms are also haploid
sex cells-haploid
-diploid
New cells are formed when one cells __________ into two cells
divides
Natural division of one cell into two cells (division of __________ )
- Cytokinesis (Cell Movement)
cytoplasm
Natural division of one cell into two cells (division of cytoplasm)
- __________
Cytokinesis (Cell Movement)
Cytokinesis (__________ )
Cell Movement
Two different ways that cells divide:
a. An animal cell will pinch in itself in half through a process called __________
cleavage
Two different ways that cells divide:
a. A plant builds a cell wall between two new cells by __________ of cells forming a cell plate which enlarges
coalescence
Two different ways that cells divide:
a. A plant __________ a cell wall between two new cells by coalescence of cells forming a cell __________ which enlarges
- builds
- plate
Each new cell needs a complete set of __________ to survive, the nucleus which divides the __________, also divides in two
-This is called nuclear division
- genes
- chromosomes
Each new cell needs a complete set of genes to survive, the nucleus which divides the chromosomes, also divides in two
-This is called __________
nuclear division
Cytokinesis + Nuclear division are very closely __________
tied
- __________ comes first with __________ immediately following (usually)
- Nuclear division
- Cytokinesis
2 kinds of Nuclear division:
- __________
- __________
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
2 kinds of __________ :
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
Nuclear division
__________ -
- in animals only certain diploid cells in the ovary and testis undergo meiosis
–gametes (egg & sperm)
Meiosis
Meiosis
- in animals only certain diploid cells in the __________ and __________ undergo meiosis
–gametes (egg & sperm)
- ovary
- testis
Meiosis
- in animals only certain diploid cells in the ovary and testis undergo meiosis
– __________ (egg & sperm)
gametes
in most organisms
-(__________, fungi & __________) meiosis produces spores (haploid) not gametes
- protists
- plants
in most organisms
-(protists, fungi & plants) meiosis produces __________ (haploid) not __________
- spores
- gametes
in most __________
-(protists, fungi & plants) meiosis produces spores (__________) not gametes
- organisms
- haploid
__________ (= growth)
2n > 2n
n > n
Mitosis
__________ (only goes through on diploid cells)
2n > n (4 new cells)
Meiosis
Meiosis (only goes through on diploid cells)
2n > n (___ new cells)
4
