Exam 1 - Oncology (neoplasia, pathology, chemotherapy)

Question 1

neoplasm

Answer 1

new growth, malignant or benign

Question 2

tumor

Answer 2

nonspecific term meaning lump or swelling

Question 3

cancer

Answer 3

any malignant neoplasm

Question 4

name the 4 “plasias”

Answer 4

hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
anaplasia

Question 5

hyperplasia

Answer 5

increase in # of cells

Question 6

metaplasia

Answer 6

substitution of one type of tissue for another

Question 7

dysplasia

Answer 7

loss of normal cell architecture

Question 8

anaplasia

Answer 8

loss of structural differentiation, cell dedifferentiate

Question 9

name the 7 “omas”

Answer 9

carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
sarcoma
lymphoma (and leukemia)
melanoma
blastoma
teratoma

Question 10

type of cancer normally most prevalent in younger pts

Answer 10

blastomas

Question 11

v-Src is a _____ (oncogene or tumor suppressor)

Answer 11

oncogene

Question 12

RB1 is a _____ (oncogene or tumor suppressor)

Answer 12

tumor suppressor

Question 13

biggest causes of preventable cancer (and ones that decrease time to cancer start)

Answer 13

smoking
UV exposure
obesity

Question 14

EGFR mutation involves ____ (is it an activating mutation or suppressing one?)

Answer 14

activating: cells begin to grow unchecked because EGFR is a tyrosine kinase - these act as oncogenes

Question 15

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are _____ (oncogene or tumor suppressor)

Answer 15

tumor suppressors

Question 16

Olaparib class

Answer 16

PARP inhibitor
-primarily used for cancers with BRCA1/2 mutations

Question 17

Olaparib use

Answer 17

Not an enzyme, therefore does not bind active site. These drugs bind PARP to DNA so it is permanently stuck there and PARP is unable to go to strand breaks elsewhere like it normally would. Now it accumulates more and more DNA damage until eventually cells cannot survive

Question 18

G0/G1 phase of cell cycle

Answer 18

cell is inactive or accumulating building blocks required for division

Question 19

S phase of cell cycle

Answer 19

cell replicating DNA

Question 20

G2 phase of cell cycle

Answer 20

cell assembling machinery for chromosomal segregation and cytokenesis (“double check” step)

Question 21

M phase of cell cycle

Answer 21

Mitosis - cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division

Question 22

common chemotherapies for S phase

Answer 22

DNA replication phase so:
-antimetabolites
-antifolates
-topo isomerase inhibitors

Question 23

common chemotherapies for G2 phase

Answer 23

sister chromatid separation so:
-Topo2 inhibitors

Question 24

common chemotherapies for M phase

Answer 24

chromosome segregation so:
-microtubule inhibitors

Question 25

common chemotherapies for G0 phase

Answer 25

resting phase so:
none

Question 26

common chemotherapies for G1 phase

Answer 26

mitogenic signaling so:
-kinase inhibitors
-hormone inhibitors

Question 27

non-specific common chemotherapies

Answer 27

DNA damaging agents so:
-alkylators
-intercalaters

Question 28

proteins driving cell cycle (oncogenes)

Answer 28

KRas

Question 29

proteins halting cell cycle (tumor suppressors)

Answer 29

RB1
p53
p16 (associated with melanoma)

Question 30

“master regulators” of cell cycle initiation

Answer 30

cyclin D
CDK4/6

Question 31

palbociclib

Answer 31

CDK4/6 kinase inhibitor
not cell cycle specific

Question 32

palbociclib AE

Answer 32

neutropenia
nausea
fatigue
diarrhea
vomiting

Question 33

palbociclib used for what cancers

Answer 33

cancers that arise due to BRCA1/2 mutations

Question 34

palbociclib is technically non-specific but targets mostly what phase of the cell cycle

Answer 34

G1

Question 35

Chemotherapy kills a constant _____ of cells not a constant ______ of tumor cells. Like antibiotics, it targets cells ______ to drug.

Answer 35

fraction, number, resistant

Question 36

CHOP

Answer 36

cyclophosphamide (alkylating agent)
doxorubicin (anthracycline)
vincristine (microtubule inhibitor)
prednisone (steroid)

Question 37

combo chemo tends to result in ____&____

Answer 37

-no additive toxicity with non-overlapping drug toxicities (same class for example)
-increased cell killing

Question 38

explain drug resistance to chemotherapy

Answer 38

-altered drug metabolism
-changes in drug target or fxn
-physiological changes that promote resistance
-cell survival mechanisms