Exam 1 - Oncology (neoplasia, pathology, chemotherapy) Flashcards
neoplasm
new growth, malignant or benign
tumor
nonspecific term meaning lump or swelling
cancer
any malignant neoplasm
name the 4 “plasias”
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
anaplasia
hyperplasia
increase in # of cells
metaplasia
substitution of one type of tissue for another
dysplasia
loss of normal cell architecture
anaplasia
loss of structural differentiation, cell dedifferentiate
name the 7 “omas”
carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
sarcoma
lymphoma (and leukemia)
melanoma
blastoma
teratoma
type of cancer normally most prevalent in younger pts
blastomas
v-Src is a _____ (oncogene or tumor suppressor)
oncogene
RB1 is a _____ (oncogene or tumor suppressor)
tumor suppressor
biggest causes of preventable cancer (and ones that decrease time to cancer start)
smoking
UV exposure
obesity
EGFR mutation involves ____ (is it an activating mutation or suppressing one?)
activating: cells begin to grow unchecked because EGFR is a tyrosine kinase - these act as oncogenes
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are _____ (oncogene or tumor suppressor)
tumor suppressors
Olaparib class
PARP inhibitor
-primarily used for cancers with BRCA1/2 mutations
Olaparib use
Not an enzyme, therefore does not bind active site. These drugs bind PARP to DNA so it is permanently stuck there and PARP is unable to go to strand breaks elsewhere like it normally would. Now it accumulates more and more DNA damage until eventually cells cannot survive
G0/G1 phase of cell cycle
cell is inactive or accumulating building blocks required for division
S phase of cell cycle
cell replicating DNA
G2 phase of cell cycle
cell assembling machinery for chromosomal segregation and cytokenesis (“double check” step)
M phase of cell cycle
Mitosis - cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division
common chemotherapies for S phase
DNA replication phase so:
-antimetabolites
-antifolates
-topo isomerase inhibitors
common chemotherapies for G2 phase
sister chromatid separation so:
-Topo2 inhibitors
common chemotherapies for M phase
chromosome segregation so:
-microtubule inhibitors
common chemotherapies for G0 phase
resting phase so:
none
common chemotherapies for G1 phase
mitogenic signaling so:
-kinase inhibitors
-hormone inhibitors
non-specific common chemotherapies
DNA damaging agents so:
-alkylators
-intercalaters
proteins driving cell cycle (oncogenes)
KRas
proteins halting cell cycle (tumor suppressors)
RB1
p53
p16 (associated with melanoma)
“master regulators” of cell cycle initiation
cyclin D
CDK4/6
palbociclib
CDK4/6 kinase inhibitor
not cell cycle specific
palbociclib AE
neutropenia
nausea
fatigue
diarrhea
vomiting
palbociclib used for what cancers
cancers that arise due to BRCA1/2 mutations
palbociclib is technically non-specific but targets mostly what phase of the cell cycle
G1
Chemotherapy kills a constant _____ of cells not a constant ______ of tumor cells. Like antibiotics, it targets cells ______ to drug.
fraction, number, resistant
CHOP
cyclophosphamide (alkylating agent)
doxorubicin (anthracycline)
vincristine (microtubule inhibitor)
prednisone (steroid)
combo chemo tends to result in ____&____
-no additive toxicity with non-overlapping drug toxicities (same class for example)
-increased cell killing
explain drug resistance to chemotherapy
-altered drug metabolism
-changes in drug target or fxn
-physiological changes that promote resistance
-cell survival mechanisms
