Exam 1 - Module 4 Flashcards
what are the chief functions of blood
- supporting cellular metabolism
- removing cellular waste products
- defense against invading infection
- maintenance of acid-base balance
two major groups of plasma proteins
albumin (more common)
globulin
Fibrinogen
most plentiful of the clotting factors and is the precursor of the fibrin clot
plasma
complex aqueous liquid containing a variety of organic and inorganic elements
serum
plasma differs from serum in that serum is free of the clotting proteins. the clotting proteins interfere with diagnostic test so the serum are typically the values we see in test results.
erthryocytes
red blood cells
leukocytes
white blood cells
what is the primary responsibility of erythyocytes
tissue oxygenation - they carry the hemoglobin
- do not contain a nucleus or mitochondria
what is the primary responsibility of the leukocytes
defend the body against organisms that cause infection and remove debris including dead or injured host cells
thrombocytes
platelets
function of thrombocytes
essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding
formed in the bone marrow
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells
erythropoiesis
development of red blood cells
hemostasis
arrest of bleeding by formation by formation of blood clots at sites of vascular injury.
lab value - hemoglobin
13 - 17 g/dL - men
11.5 - 15.5 g/dL - women
lab value - hematocrit
40%
high = dehydrated
low = fluid overload
lab value - platelet count
150-400 (103/mm3)
or
150,000 - 400,000 /mcL
high = issue with clotting
low = susceptible to bleeding
hematocrit
how many cells are in the plasma and blood volume itself.
lab value - erythrocyte
4.4 - 5.7 million cells/mcL serum
lab value - leukocytes
8,000 cells/mcL
high = infection
low = you are at risk for gettin an infection
anemia
reduction of the total number of erythrocytes in circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin.
3 things anemias commonly result from
1 - impaired erythrocyte production
2 - blood loss (acute or chronic)
3 - increased erythrocyte destruction
4 - combination of these 3 factors
cytic
refers to size
chromic
refers to hemoglobin content
anisocytosis
assuming various sizes
poikilocytosis
assuming various shapes
macrocytic
large abnormally shapes erythrocytes
Pernicious anemia
Classification - Macroytic aka megaloblastic
- lack of vitamin B12
- genetic
cause
- congenital or acquired deficiency
- lack of intrinsic factor
Folate deficiency anemia
- macrocytic
- lack of folate
- common in someone who abuses alcohol
microcytic
small abnormally shaped erythrocytes
iron deficiency anemia
- microcytic
- lack of iron for hemoglobin
cause
- chronic blood loss
- iron deficiency
- dietary deficiency
- menstruation
2 types of macrocytic anemia
- pernicious anemia
- folate deficiency anemia
3 types of microcytic anemia
- iron deficiency anemia
- sideroblastic anemia
- thallassemia anemia
4 types of normocytic anemai
- aplastic anemia
- posthemorrhagic anemia
- hemolytic anemia
- sickle cell anemia
posthemorrhagic anemia
Classification
normocytic - normochromic
- blood loss
causes
- increased erythropoiesis
- iron depletion
sickle cell anemia
- normocytic
- abnormal cell shape
causes
- congenital
hypoxemia
reduced oxygen level in the blood
purpuric disorders
red or purple discolor spots on the skin
thrombocytopenia
penai - absence
platelet count less than
150,000 platelets/ul of blood
-results from decreased platelet production, increased consumption or both
pseudothrombocytopenia
error in the platelet count to due to lab results
Thrombocythemia - aka thrombocytosis
themia = increase
platelet count greater than 450,000 ul of blood
a stationary clot attached to the vessel wall
thrombus
arterial (oxygenated blood) clot formation
- high blood flow conditions
- takes a long time to develop in damaged/diseased artery
- composed of mostly platelets
- fibrin formation occurs
Assessment Cues:
- secondary signs of MI: chest/upper body pain, SOB, extreme fatigue
- stroke (CVA): numbness/sensation loss of extremity/side, confusion, inability to speak
-
venous (deoxygenated blood) clot formation
- form in low blood flow conditions
- form rapidly in normal vein
- composed of mostly RBC and fibrin with few platelets
- venous stasis and valves worsen circulation
Assessment Cues:
- Secondary signs to DVT - extremity is red, warm, inflamed, tender
- secondary signs to PE - ** lethal condition, sudden/extreme SOB, chest pain while breathing, collapse, shock
embolus
when a thrombus detaches from the vessel wall and circulates within the blood stream
hypoxia
reduced oxygen level in the tissue
Intrinsic pathway
drug - heparin
Activated when factor XII contacts subendothelial substances exposed by vascular injury
extrainsic pathway
drug - warfarin
Activated when tissue thromboplastin is released by damaged endothelial cells
defects of primary hemostatis
platelet defects or von Willebrand disease (inherited bleeding disorder, missing protein that helps blood clot)
defects of secondary hemostasis
clotting factor defects
generalized defects of small vessels
purpural and eccymotic disorders
what is the most common condition associated with DIC
sepsis
what is the virchow triad
- injury to vessel
- abnormal blood flow
- hypercoagulopathy
hemophilia
group of inherited bleeding disorder resulting from mutation in coagulation factors
Immune thrombocytopenia - ITP
most common disorder of platelet consumption
- antibody destruction of platelets
- bruising and generalized petechial rash often occur about 1 to 3 weeks after a viral illness
- can develop in ecchymoses
ecchymoses
bruise on contusion
anticoagulants
prevent formation of clots that inhibit circulation
antiplatelets
prevent platelet aggregation
thrombolytics
attack and dissolve blood clots that have already formed
two main anticoagulant drugs
heparin
warfarin (coumadin)
Main Antiplatelet Drug - Keeps platelets from sticking together
clipidogrel
Main drug to break up clots (clot buster)
alteplase
Biologic Response Modifiers
substances naturally produced by body and those developed in the labratory
Biologic Response Modifiers - Actions
kills cancer cells
which hematologic complication would be occurring in an individual recovering from massive trauma who begins to ooze blood and developes ecchymosis
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
