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3196 - Patho/Pharm - Exam 1 > Exam 1 - Module 4 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the chief functions of blood

A
  • supporting cellular metabolism
  • removing cellular waste products
  • defense against invading infection
  • maintenance of acid-base balance
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2
Q

two major groups of plasma proteins

A

albumin (more common)
globulin

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3
Q

Fibrinogen

A

most plentiful of the clotting factors and is the precursor of the fibrin clot

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4
Q

plasma

A

complex aqueous liquid containing a variety of organic and inorganic elements

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5
Q

serum

A

plasma differs from serum in that serum is free of the clotting proteins. the clotting proteins interfere with diagnostic test so the serum are typically the values we see in test results.

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6
Q

erthryocytes

A

red blood cells

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7
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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8
Q

what is the primary responsibility of erythyocytes

A

tissue oxygenation - they carry the hemoglobin
- do not contain a nucleus or mitochondria

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9
Q

what is the primary responsibility of the leukocytes

A

defend the body against organisms that cause infection and remove debris including dead or injured host cells

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10
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

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11
Q

function of thrombocytes

A

essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding

formed in the bone marrow

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12
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells

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13
Q

erythropoiesis

A

development of red blood cells

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14
Q

hemostasis

A

arrest of bleeding by formation by formation of blood clots at sites of vascular injury.

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15
Q

lab value - hemoglobin

A

13 - 17 g/dL - men
11.5 - 15.5 g/dL - women

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16
Q

lab value - hematocrit

A

40%
high = dehydrated
low = fluid overload

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17
Q

lab value - platelet count

A

150-400 (103/mm3)
or
150,000 - 400,000 /mcL

high = issue with clotting
low = susceptible to bleeding

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18
Q

hematocrit

A

how many cells are in the plasma and blood volume itself.

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19
Q

lab value - erythrocyte

A

4.4 - 5.7 million cells/mcL serum

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20
Q

lab value - leukocytes

A

8,000 cells/mcL

high = infection
low = you are at risk for gettin an infection

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21
Q

anemia

A

reduction of the total number of erythrocytes in circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin.

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22
Q

3 things anemias commonly result from

A

1 - impaired erythrocyte production
2 - blood loss (acute or chronic)
3 - increased erythrocyte destruction
4 - combination of these 3 factors

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23
Q

cytic

A

refers to size

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24
Q

chromic

A

refers to hemoglobin content

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25
Q

anisocytosis

A

assuming various sizes

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26
Q

poikilocytosis

A

assuming various shapes

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27
Q

macrocytic

A

large abnormally shapes erythrocytes

28
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Classification - Macroytic aka megaloblastic
- lack of vitamin B12
- genetic

cause
- congenital or acquired deficiency
- lack of intrinsic factor

29
Q

Folate deficiency anemia

A
  • macrocytic
  • lack of folate
  • common in someone who abuses alcohol
30
Q

microcytic

A

small abnormally shaped erythrocytes

31
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A
  • microcytic
  • lack of iron for hemoglobin

cause
- chronic blood loss
- iron deficiency
- dietary deficiency
- menstruation

32
Q

2 types of macrocytic anemia

A
  • pernicious anemia
  • folate deficiency anemia
33
Q

3 types of microcytic anemia

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • sideroblastic anemia
  • thallassemia anemia
34
Q

4 types of normocytic anemai

A
  • aplastic anemia
  • posthemorrhagic anemia
  • hemolytic anemia
  • sickle cell anemia
35
Q

posthemorrhagic anemia

A

Classification
normocytic - normochromic
- blood loss

causes
- increased erythropoiesis
- iron depletion

36
Q

sickle cell anemia

A
  • normocytic
  • abnormal cell shape

causes
- congenital

37
Q

hypoxemia

A

reduced oxygen level in the blood

38
Q

purpuric disorders

A

red or purple discolor spots on the skin

39
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

penai - absence

platelet count less than
150,000 platelets/ul of blood

-results from decreased platelet production, increased consumption or both

40
Q

pseudothrombocytopenia

A

error in the platelet count to due to lab results

41
Q

Thrombocythemia - aka thrombocytosis

A

themia = increase

platelet count greater than 450,000 ul of blood

42
Q

a stationary clot attached to the vessel wall

A

thrombus

43
Q

arterial (oxygenated blood) clot formation

A
  • high blood flow conditions
  • takes a long time to develop in damaged/diseased artery
  • composed of mostly platelets
  • fibrin formation occurs

Assessment Cues:
- secondary signs of MI: chest/upper body pain, SOB, extreme fatigue
- stroke (CVA): numbness/sensation loss of extremity/side, confusion, inability to speak
-

44
Q

venous (deoxygenated blood) clot formation

A
  • form in low blood flow conditions
  • form rapidly in normal vein
  • composed of mostly RBC and fibrin with few platelets
  • venous stasis and valves worsen circulation

Assessment Cues:
- Secondary signs to DVT - extremity is red, warm, inflamed, tender
- secondary signs to PE - ** lethal condition, sudden/extreme SOB, chest pain while breathing, collapse, shock

45
Q

embolus

A

when a thrombus detaches from the vessel wall and circulates within the blood stream

46
Q

hypoxia

A

reduced oxygen level in the tissue

47
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

drug - heparin

Activated when factor XII contacts subendothelial substances exposed by vascular injury

48
Q

extrainsic pathway

A

drug - warfarin

Activated when tissue thromboplastin is released by damaged endothelial cells

49
Q

defects of primary hemostatis

A

platelet defects or von Willebrand disease (inherited bleeding disorder, missing protein that helps blood clot)

50
Q

defects of secondary hemostasis

A

clotting factor defects

51
Q

generalized defects of small vessels

A

purpural and eccymotic disorders

52
Q

what is the most common condition associated with DIC

A

sepsis

53
Q

what is the virchow triad

A
  • injury to vessel
  • abnormal blood flow
  • hypercoagulopathy
54
Q

hemophilia

A

group of inherited bleeding disorder resulting from mutation in coagulation factors

55
Q

Immune thrombocytopenia - ITP

A

most common disorder of platelet consumption

  • antibody destruction of platelets
  • bruising and generalized petechial rash often occur about 1 to 3 weeks after a viral illness
  • can develop in ecchymoses
56
Q

ecchymoses

A

bruise on contusion

57
Q

anticoagulants

A

prevent formation of clots that inhibit circulation

58
Q

antiplatelets

A

prevent platelet aggregation

59
Q

thrombolytics

A

attack and dissolve blood clots that have already formed

60
Q

two main anticoagulant drugs

A

heparin
warfarin (coumadin)

61
Q

Main Antiplatelet Drug - Keeps platelets from sticking together

A

clipidogrel

62
Q

Main drug to break up clots (clot buster)

A

alteplase

63
Q

Biologic Response Modifiers

A

substances naturally produced by body and those developed in the labratory

64
Q

Biologic Response Modifiers - Actions

A

kills cancer cells

65
Q

which hematologic complication would be occurring in an individual recovering from massive trauma who begins to ooze blood and developes ecchymosis

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

3196 - Patho/Pharm - Exam 1 (23 decks)

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