Exam 1 - Module 3 Study Guide Flashcards
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid within cells and comprises about two-thirds of TBW.
Extracellular fluid ECF
fluid outside the cells and comprises about one-third of TBW.
Interstitial Fluid
fluid found in the spaces between cells but not within the blood vessels
Intravascular fluid
Fluid found within blood vessels more commonly know as plasma
what is the key component and largest of intercellular fluid (ICF)
large amounts of potassium
what is the key and largest component of extracellular fluid (ECF)
Sodium - positive ion
Chloride - negative ion
Hydrostatic Pressure
pushes water out of the capillaries
Osmotic/Oncotic pressure
pulls water into the capillaries
filtration
refers to fluid movement out of the capillary and into the interstitial space
Reabsorption
refers to fluid movement into the capillary from the interstitial space
Edema
excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces
what is edema the result of
a shift of fluid from the capillaries (intravascular fluid) or lymphatic vessels into the tissues
What conditions promote edema
- increase capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood is pushing water out into the tissue)
- decreased plasma oncotic pressure (blood is not pulling water in)
- increased capillary membrane permeability (more water can get out)
- lymphatic channel obstruction (the lymphatic system normally absorbs interstitial fluid, so when it is blocked there is more fluid which causes edema)
treatment for edema
- diuretics (gets the fluid out)
- elevating limbs, applying compression stockings, avoiding prolonger standing and restricting salt intake
- administration of IV Albumin may be required in sever cases
What does albumin do
attracts and holds water in the blood vessels
the sodium concentration is regulated by the effects of what hormone
aldosterone
tonicity
the change in the concentration of solutes in relation to the amount of water present
isotonic solutions
solute concentrations that are equal to normal cells (example normal saline solution solution is 0.9%)
hypertonic solutions
ECF concentration of greater than 0.9%
hypotonic
ECF concentration less than 0.9%
what lab value is used to check the tonicity
serum osmolality
Hypernatremia
increased concentration of ECF sodium
what causes dehydration
the ECF hypertonicity attracts water from the intracellular space
Hypotonic fluid imbalances
occur when the osmolality of the ECF is less than 280 mOsm - aka intercellular overhydration (cellular edema) - when there is less sodium in the ECF the osmotic pressure decreases and water moves into the cells
hyponatremia
decreased concentration of sodium in the ECF
Normal pH range in blood
7.35 - 7.45
acidemia
arterial blood with pH less than 7.40
Alkalemia
arterial blood with a pH great than 7.40
Metabolic
if the altered pH occurs secondary to our biochemical processes within the body
Respiratory
if the pH is secondary to an issue with breating
hydrostatic
pushing out
oncotic
drawing in
What does high bicarbonate equal
high base - alkalosis
what does high CO2 equal
high acid - acidosis
what does high hydrogen equal
high acid - acidosis
what is the main player for respitorary acidosis or alkalosis
CO2
what is the main player for metabolic acidosis or alkalosis
bicarb(HCO3) and hydrogen (H+)
controlled by the kidneys
clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis
headache,
lethargy
confusion
vomiting
NGT suction
(think about what reduces the stomach acid)
left untreated can lead to deep respirations (Kussmaul) as lungs attempt compensation, coma
clinical manifestations fo metabolic alkalosis
weakness
muscle cramps
hyperactive reflexes
left untreated could lead to hypoventilation as lungs compensate
clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis
follows hypoventilation
headache
blurred vision
restlessness
apprehension
clinical manifestations for respiratory acidosis
follows hyperventilation (getting rid of too much CO2)
dizziness
tingling
convusions
measure of oxygen in the blood
pa02
measure of CO2 in the blood
pac02
measure of bicarbonate in the blood
HC03
fluid is drawn to where the sodium is
true
hypotonic
decrease is osmolality
hyponatremia
H20 excess in ECF (cerebral edema)
hypertonic
increase in osmolality
hypernatremia
H20 defecit in ECF (dehydration)
