Exam 1 - Module 3 Study Guide

Question 1

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 1

fluid within cells and comprises about two-thirds of TBW.

Question 2

Extracellular fluid ECF

Answer 2

fluid outside the cells and comprises about one-third of TBW.

Question 3

Interstitial Fluid

Answer 3

fluid found in the spaces between cells but not within the blood vessels

Question 4

Intravascular fluid

Answer 4

Fluid found within blood vessels more commonly know as plasma

Question 5

what is the key component and largest of intercellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 5

large amounts of potassium

Question 6

what is the key and largest component of extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 6

Sodium - positive ion
Chloride - negative ion

Question 7

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 7

pushes water out of the capillaries

Question 8

Osmotic/Oncotic pressure

Answer 8

pulls water into the capillaries

Question 9

filtration

Answer 9

refers to fluid movement out of the capillary and into the interstitial space

Question 10

Reabsorption

Answer 10

refers to fluid movement into the capillary from the interstitial space

Question 11

Edema

Answer 11

excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces

Question 12

what is edema the result of

Answer 12

a shift of fluid from the capillaries (intravascular fluid) or lymphatic vessels into the tissues

Question 13

What conditions promote edema

Answer 13

• increase capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood is pushing water out into the tissue)
• decreased plasma oncotic pressure (blood is not pulling water in)
• increased capillary membrane permeability (more water can get out)
• lymphatic channel obstruction (the lymphatic system normally absorbs interstitial fluid, so when it is blocked there is more fluid which causes edema)

Question 14

treatment for edema

Answer 14

• diuretics (gets the fluid out)
• elevating limbs, applying compression stockings, avoiding prolonger standing and restricting salt intake
• administration of IV Albumin may be required in sever cases

Question 15

What does albumin do

Answer 15

attracts and holds water in the blood vessels

Question 16

the sodium concentration is regulated by the effects of what hormone

Answer 16

aldosterone

Question 17

tonicity

Answer 17

the change in the concentration of solutes in relation to the amount of water present

Question 18

isotonic solutions

Answer 18

solute concentrations that are equal to normal cells (example normal saline solution solution is 0.9%)

Question 19

hypertonic solutions

Answer 19

ECF concentration of greater than 0.9%

Question 20

hypotonic

Answer 20

ECF concentration less than 0.9%

Question 21

what lab value is used to check the tonicity

Answer 21

serum osmolality

Question 22

Hypernatremia

Answer 22

increased concentration of ECF sodium

Question 23

what causes dehydration

Answer 23

the ECF hypertonicity attracts water from the intracellular space

Question 24

Hypotonic fluid imbalances

Answer 24

occur when the osmolality of the ECF is less than 280 mOsm - aka intercellular overhydration (cellular edema) - when there is less sodium in the ECF the osmotic pressure decreases and water moves into the cells

Question 25

hyponatremia

Answer 25

decreased concentration of sodium in the ECF

Question 26

Normal pH range in blood

Answer 26

7.35 - 7.45

Question 27

acidemia

Answer 27

arterial blood with pH less than 7.40

Question 28

Alkalemia

Answer 28

arterial blood with a pH great than 7.40

Question 29

Metabolic

Answer 29

if the altered pH occurs secondary to our biochemical processes within the body

Question 30

Respiratory

Answer 30

if the pH is secondary to an issue with breating

Question 31

hydrostatic

Answer 31

pushing out

Question 32

oncotic

Answer 32

drawing in

Question 33

What does high bicarbonate equal

Answer 33

high base - alkalosis

Question 34

what does high CO2 equal

Answer 34

high acid - acidosis

Question 35

what does high hydrogen equal

Answer 35

high acid - acidosis

Question 36

what is the main player for respitorary acidosis or alkalosis

Answer 36

CO2

Question 37

what is the main player for metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

Answer 37

bicarb(HCO3) and hydrogen (H+) controlled by the kidneys

Question 38

clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis

Answer 38

headache, lethargy confusion vomiting NGT suction (think about what reduces the stomach acid) left untreated can lead to deep respirations (Kussmaul) as lungs attempt compensation, coma

Question 39

clinical manifestations fo metabolic alkalosis

Answer 39

weakness muscle cramps hyperactive reflexes left untreated could lead to hypoventilation as lungs compensate

Question 40

clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis

Answer 40

follows hypoventilation headache blurred vision restlessness apprehension

Question 41

clinical manifestations for respiratory acidosis

Answer 41

follows hyperventilation (getting rid of too much CO2) dizziness tingling convusions

Question 42

measure of oxygen in the blood

Answer 42

pa02

Question 43

measure of CO2 in the blood

Answer 43

pac02

Question 44

measure of bicarbonate in the blood

Answer 44

HC03

Question 45

fluid is drawn to where the sodium is

Answer 45

true

Question 46

hypotonic

Answer 46

decrease is osmolality hyponatremia H20 excess in ECF (cerebral edema)

Question 47

hypertonic

Answer 47

increase in osmolality hypernatremia H20 defecit in ECF (dehydration)